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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypothalamus |
-arranged into nuclei -tight clumps of neuronal cell bodies -serve similar functions, project to same areas -discrete nuclei, project to median emience - release or inhibit - use blood portal system |
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pituitary |
beneath hypothalamus |
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post pituitary |
-extension of brain -made of neural tissue |
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anterior pituitary/intermediate lobe |
-non neural tissue -derived from the roof of the mouth |
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Post Pituitary Horomones |
-Oxytocin (nursing, labor, bonds) -Vasopressin (antidiuretic ADH) -neurohormones -synthesized in hypothalamus -blood supply |
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Blood Portal System |
-veins connecting to capillary beds -hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system -Hypo -> Median -> Ant. Pit. |
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Tropic Horomones |
-endocrine gland as target |
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Hypophysiotropic Hms |
-target is ant pit -releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) -other tropic and non tropic |
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Neurohoromones (Hypo -> ant pit) |
Repro: Gonadotropin RH/IH (GnRH/IH) Stress: Corticotropin RH (CRH) Metabolic Rate: Thyrotropin RH (TRH) Growth: Growth Hm RH/IH (GHRH/IH) Color Change: Melanotropin RH (MRH) Dopamine = Prolactin IH |
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Ant. Pit. -> Peripheral Blood Supply Hms |
-Adrenocorticotropic Hm (ACTH) -Thyroid stimulating Hm (TSH) -Luteinizing Hm (LH) -Follicle stimulating Hm (FSH) -Prolactin -Growth Hm -B endorphins - a melanocyte stimulating Hm |
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Regulation of Secretion and Synthesis |
-direct effects from env. rare -signals come from CNS -feedback via endocrine system |
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Negative Feedback |
product of target prevents endocrine gland from secreting Hm -> target -> product -> endocrine gland |
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Positive Feedback |
product of target enhances endocrine gland secretion
Hm -> target -> product -> endocrine gland |
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Bioassays |
-conducted in living animals -extract whose activity you want to understand -inject solution, measure effect |
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Bioassay Drawbacks |
-animal use, $, # animals -contamination -false positives (Stress, repro status) |
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Immunoassays |
-determine conc of hm in body fluids -competitive binding -antibodies grab hm -B cells produce antibodies -inject animal with non-self antigen -isolate and purify antibodies |
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Radioimmunoassay |
-add labeled hm, compete w/ unlabeled -competitive binding -equal binding likelihood -proportion of labeled/unlabeled matters -lower % bound means higher hm conc in animal |
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Standard Curve |
- = amts antibody - = amts labeled hm - varying, known conc of unlabeled hm - when determining unlabeled, conc is unknown |
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Enzymimmunoassay |
-ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay -hm labeled with enzyme -measure color change (Abs) |
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Immunoassay Limitations |
-crossreactivity of antibody, must be specific -cost/equipment -RIA = radioactive substance |
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Western Blotting |
-whether a protein is present in tissue -homogenize tissues, lyse cells -separate protein by gel electrophoresis -transfer to membrane -incubate w/ tagged antibodies -detect by chemiluminescence |
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Immunocytochemistry/histochemistry (ICC/IHC) |
-location of protein in tissue -antibodies linked to marker molecule -fluorescent dye -enzyme -> color change -slice tissue -incubate slices w/ antibody - Ab binds protein of interest -visualize with fluorescence/light microscopy |
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Western Blot/ICC/IHC Limitations |
-antibody crossreactivity -antibody may not recognize protein -Ab may not be sensitive enough to detect all molecules of interest |
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Northern Blotting |
-if protein is being produced in a tissue -sample -RNA extraction -electrophoresis, separate by size -transfer to membrane, fixed w/ UV or heat -labeled probes added (radiolabeled) -xray film |
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in situ Hybridization |
-tissue sliced -incubated w/ radiolabelled cDNA probe -cDNA probe should bind to mRNA if present -cDNA will appear as dark spots |
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Receptor Autoradiography |
-where hm receptors are in tissue and hm uptake -can also use ICC/IHC -use radiolabelled hm -inject hm, sacrifice animal, slice tissue or do in vitro -lay over photographic film |
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Ablation and Replacement |
-find fxn of hm in live animal by increasing or decreasing levels -remove gland that produces hm, inject or simply record changes |
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Pharmacological techniques |
-Agonists -Antagonists -Enzyme inhibitors |
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Agonists |
-bind to hm receptor, triggers cellular response, "mimic" -DES, estrogen receptor agent |
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Antagonists |
-prevent normal ligand (Hm) binding, "blocker" -Flutamide, androgen receptor antagonist -RU486, blocks progesterone & glucocorticoids |
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Enzyme Inhibitors |
-block actions of enzymes key in hm synthesis -Fadrozole, blocks aromatase -Metyrapone, blocks glucocorticoid synthesis |
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Pharmacological Technique Limitations |
-Receptor affinity, may differ for native hm vs drug -Broad effects on physiology and behavior -sickness behavior -may affect other receptors |
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First Endocrine Study |
-Arnold Berthold, 1849 -Group 1: castration -Group 2: castrate and replace -Group 3: castrate and swap -all but group 1 grew up normally |
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Two things to remember |
-Hormones do not cause behavior, they influence the likelihood that a behavior will be expressed in an appropriate context -Hormones affect behavior and behavior affects hormones |
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Hormones |
-chemical messengers -secreted by endocrine cells -travel through blood -affect target cells at different sites |
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Four Chemical Types |
1. Protein or Peptide 2. Steroids 3. Monoamines 4. Lipid-based Hms |
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Proteins |
-water soluble, not lipid soluble -stored in cells -can't diffuse, use vesicles -constitutive secretion -regulated -receptors in membrane |
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constitutive secretion |
released as soon as it's made, doesn't need signal |
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regulated |
external signal required |
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Pre-pro-insulin |
amino acids are species specific |
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Steroids |
-made by enzymatic modifications of cholesterol -in mitochondria, SER -lipid soluble -can't be stored in cells -constitutive -don't use vesicles, diffuse across membrane -receptors usually intracellular -same hms across different species |
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5 Groups of Steroids |
1. Glucocorticoids 2. Androgens 3. Estrogens 4. Progestins 5. Mineralocorticoids |
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Monoamines |
-derived from single amino acid -thyroid hms, derived from tyrosine -T3 & T4 (T4 technically a peptide) -catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) -indolamines (melatonin- produced in dark) - not lipid soluble -regulated -can be stored in cells -receptors in membrane |
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Lipid-Based Hms |
-modified fatty acids, "eicosanoids" -lipid soluble -constitutive -diffusion across membrane, need transporters -membrane receptors |
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Hormone Transport |
-most peptides, all catecholamine hms blood soluble -steroid & thyroid hms circulate in blood bound to carriers, or "free" -hm/carrier complex blood soluble -reversible binding -if receptor can't bind hm, hm is useless |
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Biological Activity of bound and free hms |
-only free can leave blood -biologically active, can bind receptors at target cells -able to be cleared by liver (broken down) |
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Hormone Receptors |
-reversible bond -high specificity -high affinity, hm likely to bond when hm is at low levels -low capacity |
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Membrane-Bound Receptor |
-2 types: -receptors w/ intrinsic enzyme activity -receptors that require 2nd messenger -rapid changes in cell -signal amplification |
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Intracellular/Genomic Receptors |
-located in cytosol or nucleus -hm/receptor complex acts as gene transcription factor -slow changes |
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Endocrine system |
dynamic |