Behavioral Eco

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alternative mating systems

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different animals will adopt different strategies, will work better in different environments
( cryptic vs red throated males)

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best of a bad job

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males can gain some limited reproductivesuccess

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caller

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advertise presence by croaking

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sattelite

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sneaks in and release sperm, sneaky ******

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ESS

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each strategy has the same reproductive success ( 3 male morphs)

each is dominant to the other, long term averages are stable

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protogynous hermaphroditism

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starts life as a female, when male is removed dominant female becomes male

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protandrous hermaphroditism

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starts life as a male, when female is removied the dominant male become sfemale

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what is dominance based on

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female size

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natural selection

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designs individs to behave in their own selfish interests

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altrusism

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acting to increase another individuals lifetime number of offspring, at a cost to their own survival and reproduction. "for the good of the species"

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kin selection

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evolutionary strategy that favors the fitness of organisms relatives, at a cost to that organisms own survival and reproduction

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why do altruisitc behaviors evolve in nature

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because of kin selection, favors those who maximize their genetic contributions to the future

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selfish genes

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genetically programmed, increase the chances that copies of itself makes it to the next generation (parental care)

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coefficeint of relatedness r

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probability of that gene in a parent present in the offspring or relative

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species are

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diplloid, 1 egg 1 sperm = zygote

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fitness

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reproductive success contributing genes to the next generation

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indirect fitness

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fitness gained by aiding non decendent kin (siblings)

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direct fitness

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fitness gained by direct personal reproduction

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inclusive fitness

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direct fitness + indirect fitness

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Hamiltons rule

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predicts when altruisitc behaviors will be favored by selection

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when will altruisitc behaviors evolve

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rB-C>0

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What is B

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benefits to the recipeient ( offspring of recipeint - offspring of solitary )

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what is C

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costs to the actor, ( offspring of solitary - offspring of subordinate)

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if rB-C>0

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pays to be in a kin so altruisitc gene is spread to the next generation

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Mechanisms of kin

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1. association
2. recognition by place
3. phenotype matching

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1. assoicaiton

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you recognize your kin, so direct altruisitic behaviors to individs you were raised with

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2. recognition by place

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altruisitc behavior directed to individs of a certain area.

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philopatry

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loving home. individuals tend to stay near place of birth. then you can recognize indivis in same nest as kin.

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3. phenotype matching

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altruistic behavior directed at individs who have same phenotype, odor, pheromones

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required conditions for spiteful behavior to evolve

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1. behavior is costly to actor
2. behavior is harmful and directed at non kin
3. as a result, individs or kin benefit from you harming others

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cooperation

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individuals work together and both have increased reproduciton and survival success

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reciprocal altruisim (reciprocity)

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individual a helps B, B helps a tmr. you scratch my back ill scratch yours

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conditions for reciprocity to evolve

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1. benefit of reciving aid must outweigh cost of donating
2. pairwise interactions
3.individual recognition

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pairwise interactions

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interchanges of roles and net benefits to all donors

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individual recognition

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recognize ones who help, and one swho cheat

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is reciporicty an ESS

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no because it can be outcompeted by a cheater.

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prisoners dilemma

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deflection has higher fitness than cooperation, so always deflect.

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*** for tat

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cooperation first, then do whatever opponent did on the 1st move after.

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components of *** for tat

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1. retaliatory
2. forgiving

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prisoners delight

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reciprocity evolves becaause cooperation has higher fitness.

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causes of cooperation

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1. kinseleciton
2. byproducts of selfish behaviors

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a. ecological constraints

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best of a bad job. you start cooperating because then you will gain access to better mates and territory

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b. investment in future reproductive sucess

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you are cooperating for the future of your offspring.

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c. accidental byproduct

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selection favors provisioning for young. helpers provision for young because they are programmed to help. so they dont gain fitness because its not their kin

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conflict of interests

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any behavior that gives one individual an advantage over other individuals, favored by natural selection (egg eviction strategy in female birds)

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conditions that must be present in eusociality

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1. cooperative care of young
2. specialized, sterile castes
3. overlapping generations

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specialized sterile castes

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different breeding groups of individuals that are behaviorally and moprhologically different. I.e. for reproductive and nonreproductive individuals

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overlapping generations

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groups of many generations of breeding, so elder adults care for young.

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obligate eusociality

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permanent castes, roles are defined forever.

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non obligate eusociality

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roles can switch in castes

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what determines castes

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environmental, by what food workers feed larvae. turns genes on or off

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conditions favoring eusociality

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1. haplodiploidy
2. the monogamy hypothesis
3. ecological benefits of cooperation

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haplodiploidy

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females are diploid, arise from fertilized eggs
males are haploid, unfertilized eggs

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sterile workers

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female

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drones

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reproducitve male

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the monogamy hypothesis

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if a female mates with 1 signle male, all offspring will be genetically identical and fitness increases.

not essential for maintaining eusociality

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Ecological benefits of cooperation
a. fortress defense

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breeding group monopolizes on resource and defends it. the more individs the better defense

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b. life insurers

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extended parental care, if care giver dies, others take over. prevents reproductive failure.

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c. food distribution

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patches of food that are hard to find, enough to go around and castes are non existent.

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fischers theory of sex ration 1:1

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if females are abundant, advantageous to produce males because they will increase her fitness. and vice versa.

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communication

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display or structure of the actor that modifies the behavior of another, the reciever

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signal

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behaviors that convey info from 1 individual to another

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4 types of signals

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1. visual
2. auditory
3. scent, chemical
4. tactile, touch

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evoltuion of signals

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1. behavior must be relevant to the reciever
2. reciever must percieve the behavior
3. there is advantage to actor for causing response
4. advantage to reciever for responding

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honest signal

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correlated on the reliability to predict something useful to the reciever

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a. fighting ability

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signals strength in actor

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b. motivation to fight

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intrasexual interaction. conveys info to other males about his strength to fight (bugel)

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c. genetic quality

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parasite resistence. bright plumage says sexy genes (intersexual interaction) i.e. info to opposite sex

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d. index

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signal is reliable, cannot befaked.

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e. handicap

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signals that are reliable because they are costly to produce and have costly consequences.

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f. common interest

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the sender and reciever both do better if the signal is honest.

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dishonest signal

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signal does not reliably predict something useful to reciever

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deception

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favored for the actor, disadvantageous for receiver who will evolve counter strategies

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1. detect the liar

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strategy to be able to distignguish truthful signal from dishonest

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2. ignore the message

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consider costs and benefits, if costs of ignoring a truthful signal are high, then respond. if benefits of ignoring a dishonest signal are low, respond.

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frequency dependent

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if lots of individs are giving dishonest signals, then ignore is favored.
if lots are giving honest signals, then respond

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positive feed back loop deception:detection

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individual will send dishonest signal which is advantageous for them, puts positibe pressure on reciever to detect the lie, spreads thru population, puts positive pressure on actor to form new methods of lying.

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origins of signals

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1. intention
2. incidental
3. conflict behavior
4. displacement behavior
5. antithesis

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intention movements

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voting strategy, i want to get water, stand up and wait for others to join then move.l

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incidnetal movements

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white tailed deer. movement accompanies behavior as a side effect. as deer runs away, can see his tail, so evolved as a signal.

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conflict behavior

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attack or flee. body language as a signal. head nodding in geese, i want to leave and go somewhere else, but doesnt want to leave my flock.

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displacement behavior

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when threatened, dont know what to do so do something else. gulls start pulling grass, signals aggression

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antithesis

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messages with opposite meanings often have opposite behaviors ( dog hair sticks up when hes getting ******)

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ritualization

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evolutionary modificaiton of behavior to make it more effective, pronounced. behaviros become exageratted.

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parental care

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any expenditure of parents that increases the probability of offspring survival.

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parental investment

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any expenditure by parents on an individual offfspring, reduces potentail to invest in other offspring.

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intrabrood expenditure

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parental provisioning within breeding attempt

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interbrood expenditure

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provisioning in between attempts

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evolution of who provides care

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1. physiological and life history
2. ecological constraints
3. mating opportunities

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life history

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only have 1 shot to reproduce, then die. so parental care doesnt evolve

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physiological

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dont have the genetic capacity for paternal care to evolve

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ecological constraint

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food availability, predation

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mating opportunities

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if you raise offspring, limits your ability to have other matings

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insects

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mostly no care typically maternal care (nest site defense)

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fish

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mostly no care, but someitmes paternal ( he makes initial infestment)

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amphibians

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often no care, but some maternal and paternal

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reptile

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internal fetilization, maternal care or none

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birds

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biparental care mostly

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mammals

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mostly maternal

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physiological constraints

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lactation by females