Behavioral Biology Ii

Front 1

Pleiotropy

Back 1

a given gene may have >1 effect, and not
all of the effects are positive

Front 2

Coevolution

Back 2

– another species may quickly adapt in
turn, so evolutionary stability is never reached (the
environment keeps changing)

Front 3

Aposematism

Back 3

warning coloration

Front 4

Aposematic behaviors

Back 4

-active during day

-hang out where they are visible

-often move slowly

-often hang out in groups

Front 5

Costs of maintaining territory

Back 5

-expanded energy

-risk of energy

Front 6

Benefits of maintaining territory

Back 6

-control over food resources, good nesting sites

-access to mates

Front 7

Inbreeding depression

Back 7

when closely related individuals
mate, their offspring are much more likely to have two copies of recessive alleles than the offspring of unrelated parents.

Front 8

Costs of dispersal

Back 8

-energy expanded in movement

-risk of exposure to predators during movement

-risk of not finding a good home

Front 9

Benefits of dispersal

Back 9

-can match home to size/developmental stage

-can flee a deteriorating home, keep up with changing conditions

Front 10

Migration

Back 10

travel away from and subsequent return to the
same location, usually in an annual cycle

Front 11

Parental investment

Back 11

expenditures of time, energy, and
risks by parents to help their offspring survive

Front 12

Two things about gametes

Back 12

-need to be able to disperse to fertilize other gametes

-need to supply resources to the developing offspring

Front 13

Parental investment

Back 13

expenditures of time, energy, and
risks by parents to help their offspring survive

Front 14

Resource-holding power

Back 14

animals that have territory
got it because of some inherent superiority

Front 15

Payoff asymmetry

Back 15

the payoff for holding a territory increases with time

Front 16

Frequency-dependent selection

Back 16

The fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population

Front 17

Factors for habitat selection

Back 17

-Food availability

-Physical environment

-Competition

Front 18

Costs of territoriality

Back 18

-Energy spent chasing off competitors
-Risk of injury
-Hormonal trade-off

Front 19

Selfish herd

Back 19

a group of individuals all acting selfishly, but
benefiting from being together

Front 20

Likely factors for honest signals

Back 20

signals are energetically costly and hard for weaker animals to imitate

Front 21

Sensory exploitation

Back 21

structures & behaviors can be co-opted to serve
new functions

Front 22

Likely cost of puddling in butterflies

Back 22

Increased predation

Front 23

Reasons why adaption can be hereditary trait

Back 23

1) spread because of natural selection in the past, and is currently maintained by selection
2) is currently spreading because of natural selection

Front 24

“Unprofitability signal” hypothesis is favored because...

Back 24

1) Solitary gazelles stot
2) Stotters show rump to predators, not to other gazelles

Front 25

Characteristics of “Adaptationists”

Back 25

-assume that traits exist because of natural selection
-natural selection as primary cause of form, function, & behavior
-tend to dismiss, circumscribe, or ignore non-adaptive alternative hypotheses
-tend to emphasize current utility
-“story-telling” and non-falsifiability – new stories can always be postulated
-treat consistency with natural selection as sufficient criterion to indicate a trait is adaptive