Behavioral Analysis Ch 17-29

Front 1

Continuous Reinforcement
(CRF)

Back 1

A reinforcer follows each response.

Front 2

Schedule of reinforcement

Back 2

the way reinforcement occurs because of the number of responses, time since reinforcement, time between responses, and stimulus conditions.

Front 3

Fixed-Ratio schedule of reinforcement
(FR)

Back 3

a reinforcer follows a fixed number or responses

Front 4

Fixed Ratio Responding

Back 4

after a response is reinforced no responding occurs for a period of time then responding occurs at a high, steady rate until the next reinforcer is delivered.

Front 5

Variable Ratio (VR) schedule or reinforcement

Back 5

a reinforcer follows after a variable number of responses

Front 6

Variable Ratio Responding

Back 6

Variable ratio schedules produce a high rate of responding w/ almost no post reinforcement pause.

Front 7

Fixed Interval Schedule or Reinforcement
(FI)

Back 7

a reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a fixed interval of time, since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

Front 8

Fixed Interval Scallop

Back 8

A fixed interval schedule often produces a scallop a gradual increase in the rate of responding w/ responding occurring at a high rate just before reinforcement is available. no responding occurs for some time after reinforcement.

Front 9

Fixed-time schedule of reinforcer delivery

Back 9

a reinforcer is delivered after the passage of a fixed period of time, independently of the response.

Front 10

Superstitious Behavior

Back 10

Behaving as if the response causes some specific outcome when it really does not.

Front 11

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
VI

Back 11

A reinforcer is contingent on the FIRST response after a variable interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

Front 12

Variable Interval Responding

Back 12

Variable interval schedules produce a moderate rate of responding, w/ almost no post reinforcement pausing.

Front 13

Resistance to Extinction

Back 13

The number of responses or the amount of time before a response extinguishes.

Front 14

Resistance to Extinction and Intermittent Reinforcement

Back 14

Intermittent reinforcement makes the response more resistant to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Front 15

Natural Contingency

Back 15

A contingency typically available prior to performance management.

Front 16

Performance Management Contingency

Back 16

A contingency explicitly used to manage performance when the natural contingencies are ineffective or when they move performance in the wrong direction.

Front 17

Concurrent Contingencies

Back 17

More than one contingency of reinforcement or punishment available at the same time.

Front 18

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior
(DRI)

Back 18

Reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is incompatible w/ another behavior.

Front 19

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
(DRA)

Back 19

The replacement of an inappropriate response w/ a specific appropriate response that produces the same reinforcing outcome.

Front 20

Symptom Substitution

Back 20

Problem behaviors are symptoms of an underlying mental illness. So if you get rid of one problem behavior "symptom" another will take it's place until you can get rid of the underlying mental illness.

Front 21

Matching Law

Back 21

When two different responses are each reinforced w/ a different schedule of reinforcement the relative frequency of the two responses equals the relative value of reinforcement on the two schedules of reinforcement.

Front 22

Four types of concurrent contingencies

Back 22

Compatible Responses
Compatible Contingencies
Incompatible Contingencies
Incompatible Responses

Front 23

Compatible Responses

Back 23

Contingencies may be available concurrently for two physically compatible responses.

Front 24

Compatible Contingencies

Back 24

May be available concurrently for a single response.

Front 25

Incompatible Contingencies

Back 25

May be available concurrently for a single response.

Front 26

Incompatible Responses

Back 26

Contingencies may be available concurrently for two physically incompatible responses.

Front 27

Behavioral Chain

Back 27

A sequence of stimuli and responses. Each response produces a stimulus that reinforces the preceding response and is an SD or operandum for the following response.

Front 28

Dual-Functioning Chained Stimuli

Back 28

A stimulus in a behavioral chain that reinforces the response that precedes it and is an SD for operandum for the following response.

Front 29

Forward Chaining

Back 29

The establishment of the first link in a behavioral chain w/ the addition of successive links, until the final link is acquired.

Front 30

Total-task Presentation

Back 30

The simultaneous training of all links in a behavioral chain.

Front 31

Backward Chaining

Back 31

The establishment of the final link in a behavioral chain w/ the addition of preceding links until the first link is acquired.

Front 32

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate
DRL

Back 32

Reinforcement for each response following the preceding response by at least some minimum delay.

Front 33

Unconditioned Stimulus
US

Back 33

a stimulus that precedes the unconditioned response w/ out previous pairing w/ another stimulus.

Front 34

Unconditioned Response
UR

Back 34

An unlearned response elicited by the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus

Front 35

Conditioned Stimulus
CS

Back 35

A stimulus that has acquired it's eliciting properties through previous pairing w/ another stimulus.

Front 36

Conditioned Response
CR

Back 36

A learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus.

Front 37

Respondent conditioning

Back 37

a neutral stimulus acquires the eliciting properties of an unconditioned stimulus though pairing the unconditioned stimulus w/ a neutral stimulus.

Front 38

Operant Conditioning

Back 38

Reinforcing consequences following the response increase it's future frequency; & aversive consequences following the response decrease it's future frequency.

Front 39

Higher-order respondent conditioning

Back 39

establishing a conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus w/ an already established conditioned stimulus.

Front 40

Respondent Extinction

Back 40

present the conditioned stimulus w/out pairing it w/ the unconditioned stimulus, or with an already established conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus will lose its eliciting power.

Front 41

Systematic Desensitization

Back 41

combining relaxation w/ a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli, arranged from the least to the most frightening.

Front 42

The S^D/CS Test

Back 42

to determine if a stimulus is an S^D or a CS, look at it's history of conditioning: look for a plausible US->UR relation: and alternatively look for a plausible S^D-->R-->S^R contingency

Front 43

Rule

Back 43

a description of a behavioral contingency

Front 44

Rule Control

Back 44

The statement controls the response described in that rule

Front 45

Rule Governed Behavior

Back 45

behavior under the control of a rule

Front 46

Contingency control

Back 46

Direct control of behavior by a contingency w/ out the involvement of rules.

Front 47

Direct-acting Contingency

Back 47

a contingency in which the outcome of the response reinforces or punishes that response

Front 48

Indirect-acting Contingency

Back 48

a contingency that controls the response, though the outcome of the response does not reinforce or punish that response.

Front 49

Ineffective Contingency

Back 49

a contingency that does not control behavior.

Front 50

Rule-governed analog to a behavioral contingency

Back 50

a change in the frequency of a response because of a rule describing the contingency

Front 51

Process vs. Product

Back 51

give feedback and reinforcers for the detail of the process.

Front 52

Task Analysis

Back 52

an analysis of complex behavior and sequences of behavior into component responses.

Front 53

Feedback

Back 53

non-verbal stimuli or verbal statements contingent on past behavior that can guide future behavior.

Front 54

Multiple-baseline Design

Back 54

an experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of differing durations or interventions of differing starting times.

Front 55

Covert Behavior

Back 55

Private behavior, not visible to the outside world.

Front 56

Shifting from rule control to contingency control

Back 56

w/ repetition of the response control often shifts from control by the rule describing a direct-acting contingency to control by the direct acting contingency itself.

Front 57

Performance Management Rules

Back 57

1: Put it in writing!
2: have effective Behavioral Consequences
3: Performance not monitored once a week turns to Jell-o
4: Specify the contingencies clearly

Front 58

Performance Contract (behavioral contract or contingency contract)

Back 58

a written rule statement describing the desired or undesired behavior, the occasion when the behavior should or should not occur and the added outcome for that behavior.

Front 59

The mythical cause of poor self-management

Back 59

Poor self-management occurs because immediate outcomes control our behavior better than delayed outcomes do.

Front 60

Rules that are easy to follow

Back 60

describe outcomes that are both sizable, and probable. The delay doesn't matter.

Front 61

Rules that are hard to follow

Back 61

describe outcomes that are either too small (though often cumulative) or too improbable

Front 62

When do we need performance management?

Back 62

we need performance management when the natural contingencies do not effectively support the appropriate behavior.

Front 63

How do we managed the performance of non-verbal clients?

Back 63

We add direct-acting contingencies to supplement the ineffective natural contingencies, and/or we remove the undesirable natural contingencies.

Front 64

How do we manage the performance of verbal clients?

Back 64

Often we add indirect-acting contingencies to the ineffective natural contingencies. In other words we supplement rules that are hard to follow by adding rules that are easy to follow. (of course sometimes we add or remove direct-acting contingencies)

Front 65

The three contingency model of performance management.

Back 65

The three crucial contingencies are the ineffective natural contingency, the effective indirect-acting performance management contingency, and the effective direct-acting contingency.

Front 66

The It's-Probably-Rule-control Rule

Back 66

it is probably rule control if, the person knows the rule the outcome is delayed or the performance changes as soon as the person hears the rule.

Front 67

The Analog to Avoidance Principle

Back 67

if an indirect-acting contingency is to increase or maintain performance t should be an analog to avoidance.

Front 68

The Deadline Principle

Back 68

if an indirect-acting contingency is to increase or maintain performance it should involve a deadline

Front 69

Pay for Performance

Back 69

Pay is contingent on specific achievements.

Front 70

Performance Maintenance

Back 70

the continuing of performance after it was first established.

Front 71

Behavior Trap

Back 71

add a reinforcement contingency to increase the rate of behavior. Then the behavior will frequently contact built-in reinforcement contingencies, and those built-in contingencies will maintain that behavior.

Front 72

Transfer of training

Back 72

performance established at one time, in one place, now occurs in a different time and place.

Front 73

The Law of Effect

Back 73

the effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them
Thorndike

Front 74

Functional Assessment

Back 74

an analysis of the contingencies responsible for behavioral problems

Front 75

Social Validity

Back 75

the goals procedures, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analyst and society.

Front 76

Target Behavior

Back 76

the behavior being measured, the dependent variable

Front 77

Social Comparison

Back 77

a comparison of the performance of clients exposed to the intervention w/ an equivalent or "normal" group.

Front 78

Subjective evaluation of Experts

Back 78

experts evaluation of the significance of the target behavior and the outcome

Front 79

Obtrusive Assessment

Back 79

measuring performance when the clients are aware of the ongoing observation

Front 80

Unobtrusive assessment

Back 80

measuring performance when the clients or subjects are not aware.

Front 81

Products of Behavior

Back 81

record or evidence that the behavior has occurred

Front 82

Duration

Back 82

the time from the beginning to the end of a response.

Front 83

Force

Back 83

intensity of a response

Front 84

Inter-observer agreement

Back 84

an agreement between observations of two or more independent observers

Front 85

Confounded variables

Back 85

two or more possible independent variables have changed at the same time so it is not possible to determine which of those variables caused the changes in the dependent variable.

Front 86

Case Study

Back 86

the evaluation of the results of an applied intervention or naturally changing condition that involves confounded variables.

Front 87

Internal Validity

Back 87

the extent to which a research design eliminates confounding variables

Front 88

Research Design

Back 88

the arrangement of the various conditions of an experiment or intervention to reduce the confounding of independent variables.

Front 89

Baseline

Back 89

The phase of an experiment or intervention in which the behavior is measured int eh absence of the intervention

Front 90

Simple Baseline Design

Back 90

an experimental design in which the baseline data are collected before the intervention

Front 91

Reversal Design

Back 91

ABA- an experimental design in which the (experimental) and baseline conditions are reversed to determine if the dependent variable changes as those conditions (independent variables) change.

Front 92

Multiple Baseline Design

Back 92

an experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of different durations and interventions of different starting times.

Front 93

Changing Criterion Design

Back 93

an experimental design in which the replications involve interventions w/ criteria of differing values.

Front 94

Alternating-treatments design

Back 94

an experimental design in which the replications involve presenting different values of the independent variable in an alternating sequence under the same general conditions or in the same experimental phase, while measuring the same dependent variables.

Front 95

Experimental Interaction

Back 95

one experimental condition affects the results of another.

Front 96

External Validity

Back 96

the extent to which the conclusions of an experiment apply to a wide variety of conditions.