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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Case Control
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compares diseased group to healthy group
measures odds ratio "what happened" |
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Cohort
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compares group with risk factor to group without
measures relative risk "what will happen" |
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Cross-sectional
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Collects information from a group about disease and risk factors at a specific point in time.
measures prevalence "what is happening" |
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Phase 1
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small, healthy voluneers
assesses safety, kinetics |
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Phase 2
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small, diseased patients
asseses efficacy, regimen, adverse effects |
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Phase 3
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large, diseased patients
compares new treatment to standard of care best if randomized, double blinded |
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Odds ratio
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odds of disease (a/b) in exposed group
------------------------------------------------ odds of disease (c/d) in unexposed group for case control studies |
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Relative risk
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% with disease in exposed group (a/a+b)
------------------------------------------------ % with disease in unexposed group (c/c+d) for cohort |
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Attributable risk
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exposed risk - unexposed risk
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late look bias
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info gathered at an inappropriate time
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confounding bias
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2 closely related factors, one can distort or confuse the other
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lead-time bias
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early detection mistaken for longer survival
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Pygmalion effect
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researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome
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Hawthorne effect
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group being studied changes its behavior to meet the expectations of the researcher
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Type 1 error
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alpha
finding a difference when there is none |
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p
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the probability of making a type 1 error (finding difference where none exists)
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Type 2 error
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beta
accepting the null hypothesis when a difference does exist |
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power
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1- beta
probability of finding a difference where there is one (true positive) |
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3 factors power depends on
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size of sample
expected size of effect difference in means of populations |
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standard error of the mean
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SD/root(n)
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how much of a population is within 1SD of the mean? 2? 3?
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within 1 SD: 68%
2 SD: 95% 3 SD: 99.7% |
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Confidence interval
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range of values in which a given percentage of the population would be expected to fall
CI = mean +/- z(SEM) if it includes 0 (looking at mean differences) or 1 (looking at odds rations or relative risk) there is no significant difference |
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t-test
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compares the means of 2 groups
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ANOVA
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compares the means of 3 or more groups
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chi squared
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compares differences in 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes
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requirements for negligence
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Duty that was
Derelicted that caused Damage as a Direct consequence |
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APGAR 2 pointers
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Appears all pink
Pulse >100 Grimace and cough Active Regular respiration |
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APGAR 1 pointers
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Appears partially pink
Pulse <100 Grimace some Activity irregular Respiration |
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age of walking
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15mo
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Normal 2 year old
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2 word sentences, 200 word vocab, stacks 6 blocks, climbs stairs
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Normal 1 year old
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few words, separation anxiety, crawls (may walk)
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Normal 3 year old
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complete sentences, stacks 9 blocks, draws circle, rides tricyle
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Normal 4 year old
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cooperative play, brushes teeth, draws stick figure, hops on 1 foot
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awake, alert EEG
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beta waves
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awake, relaxed EEG
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alpha waves
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stage 1 sleep EEG
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theta waves
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stage 2 sleep EEG
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sleep spindles and K complexes
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stage 3-4 sleep EEG
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delta waves (low freq high amplitude)
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REM sleep EEG
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Beta waves
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