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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does desensitization of Fears use?
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Uses reciprocality and extinction
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What assumption does desensitization of fears rely upon?
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Based upon assumption that if CS is presented w/o US, the CR will extinguish
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Why doesn't extinction occur?
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fear is so strong person avoids exposure to CS so extinction does not occur
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How would you desensitize a fear?
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Have person experience an emotion that is reciprocally inhibitory to anxiety (e.g., relaxation) and gradually bring in CS in very small steps.
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What allows exposure to CS so extinction of fear CR to occur?
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Reciprocality
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a written agreement between two parties in which one or both parties agree to engage in a specified level of a target behavior(s)
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behavioral contract
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one person seeks to change a target behavior and arranges reinforcedment or punishment contingencies with a contract manager who implements the contingencies
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one party contract
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(also known as a bilateral contract) both parties identify target behaviors forchange and the contingencies that will be implemented for the target behaviors. it is written between two people who have some relationship with each other.
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two party contract
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one thing is given in return for another
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quid pro quo contract
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a separate contingency is establish for each person's target behaviors rather than making one person's target behavior the consequence for the other person's target behavior. separate contingency for each person's target behaviors.
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parallel contract
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types of contingencies in a behavioral contract
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+ reinforcement
- reinforcement + punishment - punishment |
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components of a behavioral contract
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1. identifying target behavior
2. stating how the target behavior will be measured. 3. stating when the behavior must be performed 4. identifying the reinforcement or punishment contingency 5. identifing who will implement the contingency |
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What are the 3 stages of Systematic Desensitization?
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Stage 1
Training in deep muscle relaxation Stage 2 Construction of anxiety hierarchy (ies) Stage 3 Progression through hierarchy |
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A list of stimuli on a common theme ranked in descending order according to the amount of anxiety they evoke.
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Anxiety Hierarchies
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Anxiety heirarchies have data from...and can be...
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Data from:
The client’s history Willoughby Questionnaire – which reveals anxiety in certain interpersonal contexts Fear Survey Schedule Special probings into all possible situations in which the patient feels unadaptive anxiety ...Classify into themes (if require more than one) |
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Procedural Issues
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Some people have difficulty learning relaxation
Hierarchy must be appropriate for client’s fear Inclusion of irrelevant items or omission of relevant ones Rate of progression through hierarchy |
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Poor Candidates for Systematic Desensitization
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People with multiple fears
People who have difficulty with imagery (obsessives, psychotics, etc.) People whose problem is based in a genuine skill deficit Where secondary gain is involved |
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When SD in Vivo is Not Possible
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When cannot present the CS (e.g., fear of eternal damnation, death)
Impractical If fear is too intense. Can start with imaginal first, then run in vivo if necessary |
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Involves presenting the CS at full intensity from the outset
Sometimes referred to, or involves, response prevention (the response prevented is escape) Usually done in vivo Works because most important feature is there: exposure to the CS Works but easier to “sell” SD so not used as often |
Flooding
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In order for extinction of avoidance responses to occur, the patient must be prevented from performing the avoidance behavior, if only in imagination, and forced to experience the intense anxiety in the absence of any real aversive consequences
Always done in imagination Only “behavioral” technique which has psychodynamic theory associated with it -- Avoidance behaviors are caused by childhood traumas Imagery is directed toward the usual conflict areas that the therapist, from previous experience knows concern most individuals Research on effectiveness is mixed |
Implosion
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Attempt to develop conditioned aversion to positively reinforcing stimuli by pairing them contiguously with negative experiences.
This is a classical conditioning paradigm. Here we try to alter the valence of the stimulus by contiguously pairing it with an aversive stimulus. Based on idea that an object or an activity that is repeatedly associated with aversive experiences acquires some of the negative properties of the aversive stimulus |
Aversive Counterconditioning
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Pharmacological agents
Electrical stimulation Imaginal |
Unconditioned Stimuli in Aversion Therapy
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In vivo
Pictorial Imaginal |
Conditioned Stimuli in Aversion Therapy
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Is process governing conditioned aversion
automatic or self-control? Avoidance responses established in this manner are typically reinforced by supplementary conditioning trials at monthly intervals for first year Build other, competing, appropriate behaviors Generalization and follow-up problems: discrimination between lab and real life situations |
Issues in Aversion Therapy
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Based on empirical, cumulative research
Can demonstrate and replicate effectiveness Can demonstrate accountability Principles relatively easy to understand and to teach to nonprofessionals Cost effective and short-term Can be used with severely handicapped populations for whom traditional treatments are unsuitable |
Advantages of Behavior Modification
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Enhancing generalization
Development of comprehensive treatments Individualization of treatment Focus on functional analysis and antecedent control Development of alternatives to aversives Social validation Dissemination and acceptance |
Current Trends and Issues in Behavior Modification
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