Behavior & Environment -1

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Behavior

Back 1

Everything that an organism does

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Skinner Definition of Behavior

Back 2

The movement of an organism or its parts in a frame of reference provided by the organism or by various external objects of fields

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Critical Attributes of Behavior

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1. Behavior is a biological phenomenon

2. Behavior involves movement

3. Only a Living Organism (single individual)

4. Observable

5. Measurable

6. Interaction w/ Environment

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Public Behavior

Back 4

Behavior observable by others

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Private Behavior

Back 5

aka- private events

behavior that cannot be observed by others

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Response

Back 6

Specific instance of behavior

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Response Cycle

Back 7

The beginning, middle, and end of a response

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Fundamental Property

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a characteristic of a phenomenon and that property exists independent of it measurement

1. Temporal Locus

2. Temporal Extent

3. Repeatability

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Temporal Locus

Back 9

Single Response Occurs in time

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Temporal Extent

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Response occupies time

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Repeatability

Back 11

A response can reoccur

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Latency

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Amount of time b/w a stimulus & a response

Temporal Locus

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Duration

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Amount of time b/w beginning and end of a response cycle

Temporal Extent

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Countability (Frequency)

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Measure as # of response class

aka The count

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Interresponse Time (IRT)

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Time b/w 2 successive responses

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Rate

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Ratio or the # of responses over some period of time

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Celeration

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Change in one of the other dimension quantities of behavior over time. Usually acceleration or deceleration

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Topography

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The physical nature of a response

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Function

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The effect of a response on the environment

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Response Class

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Grouping of individual actions or responses that share commonalities included in the class definition

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Topographical Response Class

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2 or more response which share a common form. May have different effects based on environment

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Functional Response Class

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2 or more topographically different responses that all have the same effect

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Environment

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Total constellation of stimuli and conditions which can affect behavior both outside and inside the skin

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Environmental Context

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The situation in which behavior occurs at any given time

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Stimulus

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A change in the environment which can affect behavior

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Antecedents

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A stimulus which precedes a response

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Consequence

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A stimulus which follows after a response

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Stimulus Class

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A group of stimuli that share a certain characteristic- members have similar effects on behavior

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Functional Relations

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When changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class

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Philosophical Assumptions of Behavior Analysis

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1.Determinism

2.Empiricism

3.Parsimony

4.Philosophical Doubt

5.Pragmatism

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Determinism

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The universe is a lawful and orderly place. All phenomena occur as a result of other events

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Empiricsm

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Various dimensions of behavior can be measure over time

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Parsimony

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All simple explanations must be ruled out before more complex explanations are considered.

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Philosophical Doubt

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Continually question truthfulness of things regarded as fact

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Pragmatism

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Assesses truth of theories in terms of the success of their practical application

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Radical Behaviorism

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Skinner's philosophy of the science of human behavior. Determinants of behavior are found in natural worlds.

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Determinants of Behavior

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1. Inherited biological factors

2. Organism's history w/ their environment

3. Organism's current environment

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Selection (selectionism)

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The process in which repeated cycles occur of

1. Variation

2. Interaction with the environment

3. Differential replication as a function of theinteraction

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Natural Selection

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Reproductionand variation “survival of the fittest.” The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on

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Operant Selection

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Specificresponses are selected by immediate consequences. Selected responses are repeated.

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Cultural Selection

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Culturalpractices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicinggroup. Practices are passed from onegeneration to the next (mostly verbally).

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Temporal Contiguity

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The nearness of events in time, important to learning.

1. Time b/w 2 stimuli in pairing S1—S2

2. Time b/w a response and a consequence R-S

**Mustalways end in a S

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Contingency

Back 43

a dependency b/w events. Said to exist b/w events when one depends on the other

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Scienceof Behavior Analysis- Basic Operations

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1. Direct Observation

2. Repeated measures

3. Graph Data

4. Manipulation- of environmental events

5. Systematic evaluation of the effect of theenvironment manipulation on behavior through single-case designs

6. Analysis and Interpretation

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Learning

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A relativelypermanent change in behavior as a result of experience

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Reflex

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Simple relation b/w an antecendent stimulus and reflex response

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Elicit

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to strongly, consistently evoke

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Unconditioned Reflex

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A simple relation b/w a specific stimulus and a specific, involuntary response

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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a stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response w/out prior learning

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Unconditioned Response

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a response which is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

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Habituation

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a temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

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Adaptation

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a reduction in frequency or magnitude of a response or a set of responses as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or an environmental context

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Potentiation

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temporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus

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Sensitization

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tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

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Respondent conditioning

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also know as classical conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning

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Conditioned Reflex

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a simple relation b/w a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response. Learnedthrough the contingent pairing of neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli orother conditioned stimuli

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neutral stimuli

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Astimulus which has no eliciting effect on behavior prior to being pairedcontingently with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditionedstimulus.

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conditioned stimulus

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Astimulus which elicits a conditioned response due to prior learning, that is,due to ontogenic provenance. AKA conditionalstimulus or CS. CS acquire theireliciting properties through contingent pairing with US .

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conditioned response

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Aresponse which is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to prior learning, thatis, due to ontogenic provenance. AKA conditional response or CR. It is theresponse part of a conditioned response

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Short delay conditioning

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Onsetof the CS comes first before the onset of the US. Very brief time delay b/w the onset of the CSand the onset of the US

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Long delay conditioning

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Timeb/w the onset of the CS and the onset of the US can be up to 30secs, the CSmust come first before the US, and there must be overlap.

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trace conditioning

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The offset of the CS must come before the onset of the US,the delay is no less than 5 secs.

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Simultaneously Conditioning

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Theonset of the CS and US come simultaneously

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Backward Conditioning

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Theonset of the US comes before the CS, there must be overlap

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Higher Order Conditioning

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A neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditionedstimulus rather than with a US.

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Respondent Extinction

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Theprocess through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pairthe CS with the US.

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Respondent Spontaneous Recovery

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Is the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguishedconditioned reflex.

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Respondent Stimulus Generalization

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Thespread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other that theconditioned stimulus

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UE- Unconditioned Elicitor

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formerly unconditioned stimulus, an unlearned stimulus. The UE elicits the UR

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CE- Conditioned Elicitor

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formerly conditioned stimulus, a learned stimulus. The CEelicits the CR