Behavior Block Ii

Front 1

what is the forebrain divided into?

Back 1

telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 2

what is the other name for the midbrain?

Back 2

mesencephalon

Front 3

what is the other name for the hindbrain? what is it divided into?

Back 3

rhombencephalon; metencephalon and myelincephalon

Front 4

what does the telencephalon form?

Back 4

grey (cortex) and basal ganglia

Front 5

what does the diencephalon form?

Back 5

thalamas and hypothalamus

Front 6

what does the mesencephalon form?

Back 6

superior and inferior colliculus

Front 7

what does the metencephalon form?

Back 7

pons and cerebellum

Front 8

what does the myelincephalon form?

Back 8

medulla and spinal cord

Front 9

what is the striatum made of?

Back 9

caudate and putamen

Front 10

what is the lenticulate nucleus made of?

Back 10

the putamen and globus pallidus

Front 11

what fibers travel from the cortex to the striatum?

Back 11

cortical striate fibers

Front 12

the remnant of what sulcus separates the dorsal and ventral thalamus?

Back 12

sulcus limitans

Front 13

what does the dorsal part of the thalamus deal with? ventral?

Back 13

dorsal: sensory
ventral: motor, autonomic impulses (heart rate, respiration, etc)

Front 14

what part of the thalamus receives the optic tract and auditory impulses respectively?

Back 14

lateral and medial geniculate
lat: optic
med: auditory

Front 15

what structures are included in the limbic lobe?

Back 15

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus

Front 16

what is another name for the central sulcus?

Back 16

rolandic fissure

Front 17

what area is the precentral gyrus? what does it give rise to?

Back 17

area 4, gives rise for the most part to the corticospinal tract

Front 18

what are the 3 subdivisions of the inferior frontal gyrus?

Back 18

par orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis

Front 19

where are areas 44 and 45? what are they collectively called?

Back 19

in front of the base of the precentral gyrus, called Broca's speech area

Front 20

what is Broca's area responsible for? what happens if a lesion is here?

Back 20

production of speech; muscles of the larynx/pharnyx will lose their motor associations (they will not be paralyzed)

Front 21

what are the area numbers of the postcentral gyrus? what are the area numbers of the rest of the parietal lobe?

Back 21

from anterior to posterior: 3, 1, 2
rest of the parietal lobe: 5 and 7 (sensory association cortex)

Front 22

what is hemineglect? what can it result from?

Back 22

results from a lesion in area 5 or 7; people don't recognize the opposite side of their body as belonging to themselves

Front 23

where are areas 41 and 42? what are they responsible for?

Back 23

anterior and posterior temporal gyri; auditory impulses come into consciousness here

Front 24

where is area 22? what is it responsible for?

Back 24

superior and middle temporal gyri; is the auditory association cortex

Front 25

what is receptive aphasia? what does it result from?

Back 25

pt can't understand what is being spoken; results from a lesion in area 22

Front 26

what is expressive aphasia? what does it result from?

Back 26

loss of ability to speak; results from a lesion in Broca's area

Front 27

where is Wenicke's area? what does a lesion here result in?

Back 27

inferior to the posterior part of the lateral fissure; lesion results in loss of language all together

Front 28

where does vision come to a conscious level?

Back 28

area 17 (primary visual cortex), which is on either side of the calcarine fissure

Front 29

where is the visual association cortex located? what does this allow for?

Back 29

areas 18 and 19 (lateral from area 17); allows us to know what we see

Front 30

what occurs if a lesion is present in area 18? 19?

Back 30

18: cortical blindness (person can see, but doesn't understand what is seen)
19: person will know what to do with an object, but won't be able to name the object

Front 31

what kind of disease is Alz?

Back 31

disease of the association cortex

Front 32

what gyrus is important in the ability to lay down new memories?

Back 32

cingulate

Front 33

what represents the closure of the anterior neuropore from embryological development?

Back 33

lamina terminalis

Front 34

what does the posterior commissure connect?

Back 34

2 areas on either side of the superior colliculus called the pretectal nuclei (concerned with visual reflexes)

Front 35

what relays impulses from the hypothalamus to the brainstem?

Back 35

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Front 36

what is the subcallosal gyrus important in?

Back 36

receiving olfactory sensations

Front 37

where is the paraolfactory area of Broca? what does it do?

Back 37

anterior to the lamina terminalis; receives olfactory sensations

Front 38

where does the fornix terminate?

Back 38

in the mamillary bodies

Front 39

what is contained in the uncus?

Back 39

amygdala

Front 40

what can a massive internal bleed cause?

Back 40

uncal herniation due to pressure on the tentorium cerebelli

Front 41

what is another name for the insular cortex?

Back 41

isle of reile

Front 42

what is the difference between the insular cortex and the parietal lobe?

Back 42

insular: visceral association center
parietal: somatic sensory cortex

Front 43

what provides dopamine to the cerebral cortex? what would a lack of this structure be seen in?

Back 43

substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease

Front 44

what are the only sensations from the body that do not pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule on their way to the primary cortex?

Back 44

olfaction, vision, and auditory

Front 45

what is the subicular?

Back 45

transition between a 6-layered cortex and a 3-layered cortex

Front 46

what structure does the subicular transition into, which then interdigitates with the dentate gyrus?

Back 46

the cornuu ammonis (Ammon's horn)

Front 47

what structure of the fornix are important in memory and emotions?

Back 47

fimbra

Front 48

what is Papez's circuit?

Back 48

HF --> fornix --> mammillary bodies --> mammilothalamic tract --> anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus --> anterior limb of internal capsule --> cingulate gyrus --> cingulum --> hippocampal gyrus --> HF

Front 49

what structures make up the limbic lobe?

Back 49

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, olfactory impulses

Front 50

what kind of neurons are the olfactory neurons?

Back 50

bipolar sensory neurons

Front 51

what is the name of the cells that olfactory neurons synapse on?

Back 51

mitral cells

Front 52

what 5 things is the medial olfactory tract made of?

Back 52

septum pellucidum
olfactory trigone
medial portion of the anterior perforated substance
subcallosal gyrus
paraolfactory area of Broca

Front 53

neurons from the medial olfactory tract send their axons to the hypothalamus via what bundle? where does this bundle terminate?

Back 53

medial forebrain bundle; terminates on the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Front 54

what is the pathway of the lateral olfactory tract?

Back 54

prepiriform cortex --> anterior perforated substance --> corticomedial amygdaloid nucleus --> basolateral nucleus --> hippocampal gyrus --> HF

Front 55

what kind of impulses can stimulate Papez's circuit?

Back 55

olfactory

Front 56

what is the last part of the cortical areas to become myelinated in man?

Back 56

the prefrontal cortex

Front 57

what 2 things can result from lesions in the amygdala?

Back 57

placidity or sham rage

Front 58

what is dr. kinney's favorite disease that can affect the limbic structures?

Back 58

paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis

Front 59

what disease often affects chronic alcoholics and impairs their ability to lay down new memories? what area of the brain does this affect?

Back 59

Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis; affects the mammillary bodies

Front 60

what is akinetic mutism?

Back 60

loatheness to move, depression, decreased memory

Front 61

what transmits impulses from the mammillary bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

Back 61

mammalothalamic tract

Front 62

what is the result of bilateral paralysis of the abducens nuclei?

Back 62

eyes turn medially, bilateral internal strabismus, diplopia

Front 63

what does paralysis of conjugate gaze mean?

Back 63

patient cannot move their eyes in the horizontal plane

Front 64

what nutrient deficiency accompanies chronic alcohol consumption?

Back 64

thiamine

Front 65

what is thiamine required for?

Back 65

trans-ketolase activity, especially in the hexose-monophosphate shunt

Front 66

what part of the brain degenerates in chronic alcoholics?

Back 66

anterior vermis of the cerebellum

Front 67

what is confabulation?

Back 67

when the patient makes up logical stories to fill in gaps in their memory

Front 68

what is kluver-bucy syndrome?

Back 68

when herpes simplex attacks the medial temporal lobes, particularly the amygdala and the hippocampus

Front 69

what is psychic blindness?

Back 69

patients don't understand what they see and they examine everything orally

Front 70

depression is linked to lesions where?

Back 70

in the left frontal lobe

Front 71

mania is linked to lesions where?

Back 71

in the right frontal lobe

Front 72

what kind of abnormal brain anatomy is associated with schizophrenia?

Back 72

decreased superior temporal gyrus volume compared to controls, enlarged ventricles, decreased blood flow to the frontal cortex

Front 73

what parts of the brain does Pick's disease affect? what parts does it never affect?

Back 73

affects the frontal and/or temporal lobe, but NEVER the parietal and occipital lobes

Front 74

how to Pick's patients present?

Back 74

with behavioral problems first and then they become demented

Front 75

what kind of disease is Pick's disease?

Back 75

a lobar degeneration disorder

Front 76

what kind of disease is Alz disease?

Back 76

a disease of associated cortex

Front 77

how is Pick's disease different from Alz disease?

Back 77

Alz affects ALL the lobes of the CNS

Front 78

what is decreased in people with depression?

Back 78

NE, serotonin, or both

Front 79

what structure of the brain makes NE?

Back 79

locus ceruleus

Front 80

what structure of the brain makes serotonin?

Back 80

dorsal raphe nucleus

Front 81

stress causes an increase of what hormone that, in turn, causes the release of what other hormone?

Back 81

ACTH, causes release of cortisol

Front 82

what is the generic name for prozac?

Back 82

fluoxetine

Front 83

what is the generic name for celexa?

Back 83

citalopram

Front 84

what is the generic name for lexapro?

Back 84

escitalopram

Front 85

what is the generic name for zoloft?

Back 85

sertraline

Front 86

what is the generic name for paxil?

Back 86

paroxetine

Front 87

name 5 SSRIs and their side effects.

Back 87

prozac: very long half-life, significant sexual side effects
celexa: acts much quicker, least amount of sexual side effects
lexapro: acts quickly and has few sexual side effects
zoloft: causes diarrhea, and sexual side effects
paxil: sexual side effects

Front 88

what is the generic name for wellbutrin? what does this drug do?

Back 88

buproprion; increases both NE and dopamine while countering sexual side effects from SSRIs

Front 89

name 3 serotonin and NE reuptake blockers.

Back 89

remeron
effexor
cymbalta

Front 90

what is the generic name for remeron?

Back 90

mirtazepine

Front 91

what is the generic name for effexor?

Back 91

venlafaxine

Front 92

what is the generic name for cymbalta?

Back 92

duloxetine

Front 93

what 2 drugs are used for suicide prevention?

Back 93

lithium and clozaril

Front 94

what are the 5 contraindications for ECT?

Back 94

incranial mass
recent CVA
recent MI
osteoporosis
decreased cognitive abilities

Front 95

what does succinylcholine do?

Back 95

blocks neuromuscular functioning

Front 96

what are the 2 predictors for success with ECT?

Back 96

total seizure time of 226 seconds
improved score on a Folstein mini mental mental state exam

Front 97

what produces acetylcholine and degenerates in Alz disease?

Back 97

nucleus basalis of meynert

Front 98

what pathway terminates in the red nucleus?

Back 98

the dentatorubrothalamic pathway of the superior cerebellar peduncle

Front 99

what are the 2 parts of the red nucleus? what do they give rise to or send axons to?

Back 99

caudal red nucleus: gives rise to the crossed rubrospinal tract
rostral red nucleus: neurons send axons up to the ventralis lateralis

Front 100

what frontal-subcortical circuit, when damaged, results in executive dysfunction?

Back 100

dorsolateral prefrontal circuit

Front 101

what frontal-subcortical circuit, when damaged, results in disinhibition or mood lability?

Back 101

orbitofrontal circuit

Front 102

what frontal-subcortical circuit, when damaged, results in apathy/abulia?

Back 102

anterior cingulate circuit