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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavior analysis
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the science of behavior change
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functional relation
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the tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events.
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behavior
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anything a person does that can be observed
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overt behavior
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behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it
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covert behavior
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behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it
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respondent behavior
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behavior tht is most readily influenced by events that precede it; reflexive behavior
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operant behavior
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behavior that is readily influenced by events that follow it.
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behavioral repertoire
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all of the things an individual is capable of doing at any given moment
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environmental event
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any event in a person's environment that can be observed
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antecedent
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environmental events that occur before a behavior
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consequences
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environmental events that occur after a behavior
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learning history
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all the environmental events that have affected a person's behavior up to the present
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applied behavior analysis
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the attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and or consequences that change behavior
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medical model
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the view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an underlying psychological disorder
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symptom substitution
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the idea that if a behavior problem is solved without resolving the underlying psychological disorder, another behavior problem will take its place
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target behavior
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the behavior to be changed by an intervention
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functional analysis
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the process of testing hypotheses about the functional relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences.
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continuous recording
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recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed period.
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interval recording
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recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series of short intervals within an observation period
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inter-observer reliability
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a measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies made by two or more observers
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simple frequency graph
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a graph in which each data point indicates the number of times a behavior occurred at a particular time
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cumulative frequency graph
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a graph in which each data point indicates the total number of times the behavior has occurred up to that point
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single case experimental design
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a research design in which the behavior of an individual is compared under experimental and control conditions
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baseline
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a period during which the behavior under study is recorded, but no attempt is made to modify it
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ABAB reversal design
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a single case design in which baseline and intervention conditions are repeated with the same person.
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multiple baseline design
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a single case design in which the effects of an intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals.
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alternating treatments design
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a single case design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically
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law of effect
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behavior is a function of its consequences
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reinforcement
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the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the frequency of that behavior
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positive reinforcer
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a reinforcing event in which something is added following a behavior
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negative reinforcer
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a reinforcing event in which something is removed following a behavior
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primary reinforcers
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reinforcers that are not dependent on their association with other reinforcers (food, water, etc)
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secondary reinforcers
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reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers
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contrived reinforcers
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reinforcers that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior
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natural reinforcers
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reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior; spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers
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behavioral contrast
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the tendency for a reinforced behavior to occur less often in situations in which it has not been reinforced.
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prompt
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an antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur
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fading
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gradually reducing the strength of a prompt
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shaping
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the reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior
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behavior chain
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a sequence of related behaviors, each of which provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
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chaining
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the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain
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forward chaining
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a chaining procedure that begins with the first element in the chain and progresses to the last element
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backward chaining
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a chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first element.
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extinction
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withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior
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extinction burst
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a sharp increase in the frequency of the behavior on extinction
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resurgence
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the reappearance during extinction o previously effective behavior
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance of the target behavior following its extinction
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differential reinforcement
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any procedure that combines extinction and reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behavior
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DRA
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the procedure of reinforcing an alternative behavior instead of the target behavior
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DRI
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the procedure of reinforcing a behavior that i incompatible with the target behavior
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punishment
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the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that decrease the frequency of that behavior
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reprimand
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to reduce the frequency of a behavior by making disapproval contingent on the target behavior
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response cost
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to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behavior
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time out
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to reduce the frequency of a behavior by making removal of a person from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target behavior
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overcorrection
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to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making restitution for damage done and repeated performance of appropriate behavior contingent on the target behavior.
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physical punishment
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to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making brief and injurious contact with the skin contingent on the target behavior.
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