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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
behavior analysis
the science of behavior change
functional relation
the tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events.
behavior
anything a person does that can be observed
overt behavior
behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it
covert behavior
behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it
respondent behavior
behavior tht is most readily influenced by events that precede it; reflexive behavior
operant behavior
behavior that is readily influenced by events that follow it.
behavioral repertoire
all of the things an individual is capable of doing at any given moment
environmental event
any event in a person's environment that can be observed
antecedent
environmental events that occur before a behavior
consequences
environmental events that occur after a behavior
learning history
all the environmental events that have affected a person's behavior up to the present
applied behavior analysis
the attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and or consequences that change behavior
medical model
the view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an underlying psychological disorder
symptom substitution
the idea that if a behavior problem is solved without resolving the underlying psychological disorder, another behavior problem will take its place
target behavior
the behavior to be changed by an intervention
functional analysis
the process of testing hypotheses about the functional relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences.
continuous recording
recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed period.
interval recording
recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series of short intervals within an observation period
inter-observer reliability
a measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies made by two or more observers
simple frequency graph
a graph in which each data point indicates the number of times a behavior occurred at a particular time
cumulative frequency graph
a graph in which each data point indicates the total number of times the behavior has occurred up to that point
single case experimental design
a research design in which the behavior of an individual is compared under experimental and control conditions
baseline
a period during which the behavior under study is recorded, but no attempt is made to modify it
ABAB reversal design
a single case design in which baseline and intervention conditions are repeated with the same person.
multiple baseline design
a single case design in which the effects of an intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals.
alternating treatments design
a single case design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically
law of effect
behavior is a function of its consequences
reinforcement
the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the frequency of that behavior
positive reinforcer
a reinforcing event in which something is added following a behavior
negative reinforcer
a reinforcing event in which something is removed following a behavior
primary reinforcers
reinforcers that are not dependent on their association with other reinforcers (food, water, etc)
secondary reinforcers
reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers
contrived reinforcers
reinforcers that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior
natural reinforcers
reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior; spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers
behavioral contrast
the tendency for a reinforced behavior to occur less often in situations in which it has not been reinforced.
prompt
an antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur
fading
gradually reducing the strength of a prompt
shaping
the reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior
behavior chain
a sequence of related behaviors, each of which provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer
chaining
the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain
forward chaining
a chaining procedure that begins with the first element in the chain and progresses to the last element
backward chaining
a chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first element.
extinction
withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior
extinction burst
a sharp increase in the frequency of the behavior on extinction
resurgence
the reappearance during extinction o previously effective behavior
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of the target behavior following its extinction
differential reinforcement
any procedure that combines extinction and reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behavior
DRA
the procedure of reinforcing an alternative behavior instead of the target behavior
DRI
the procedure of reinforcing a behavior that i incompatible with the target behavior
punishment
the procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that decrease the frequency of that behavior
reprimand
to reduce the frequency of a behavior by making disapproval contingent on the target behavior
response cost
to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behavior
time out
to reduce the frequency of a behavior by making removal of a person from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target behavior
overcorrection
to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making restitution for damage done and repeated performance of appropriate behavior contingent on the target behavior.
physical punishment
to reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making brief and injurious contact with the skin contingent on the target behavior.