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41 Cards in this Set

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Tandem schedule
Simple schedules in sequence, no schedule-correlated stimuli, completing the last schedule in sequence produces unconditioned reinforcement
Multiple schedule
Simple schedules in sequence, with schedule-correlated stimuli, completing each produces unconditioned reinforcement
Mixed schedule
Simple schedules in sequence, no schedule-correlated stimuli, completing each produces unconditioned reinforcement
Chained schedule
Simple schedules in sequence, with schedule-correlated stimuli, completing the last schedule n the sequence produces unconditioned reinforcement
Unconditioned reinforcers
Acquired reinforcing effectiveness through species history, effective in all members of a species
Ex: food, warmth, sex
Conditioned reinforcers
Acquired reinforcing effectiveness through learning, specifically having been paired with an unconditioned or already effective reinforcer
-Respondent-like but behavior they increase is operant
Homogeneous chain
Same response typography in all components
Heterogeneous chain
Different response typography in each component
Factors affecting effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers
1. Frequency of unconditioned reinforcement
--More frequent reinforcement = more effective
2. Variability of unconditioned reinforcement
--More variability in schedule = better conditioned reinforcers (due to hyperbolic discounting)
3. Establishing operations
--Whatever affects the reinforcing efficacy of the unconditioned reinforcer also affects the effectiveness of the conditioned reinforcer
4. Delay to unconditioned reinforcement
--Stimuli that signal reduction in time to positive reinforcement = more effective
5. Informativeness
--Will not respond to produce a stimulus that predicts an aversive stimuli
Established-response method
Added stimulus + unconditioned reinforcer (2 groups)

Added stimulus + extinction (only 1 group)

See if group with added stimulus continues to respond for longer, if so, then conditioned reinforcer
Observing response procedure
One response is reinforced on a mixed schedule

Another (the observing response) switches it to a multiple schedule

If observing response occurs then this suggests that these schedule-correlated stimuli are conditioned reinforcers
Concurrent chain schedules
Two chained schedules that are initially avaibale at same time, subject can choose which to respond on. Once chosen, they complete other links in chain.

Each initial link alternative produces a stimulus associated with a particular delay to primary reinforcement

Preference for shorter delay
Information hypothesis
Conditioned reinforcers are effective because they provide information about other, unconditioned consequences.

If true, then observing response should be maintained by any stimuli since all informative. However, found that stimuli indicating reinforcement is available are best at maintaining observing response, thus, hypothesis not true.
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
A special kind of conditioned reinforcer that acquires reinforcing strength through its relation to more than one reinforcer.
Tokens
Conditioned reinforcers that can be earned, accumulated, and exchanged for other reinforcers
Token Production schedule
1. Token production
--What is required to earn a token
2. Exchange production
--What must you do to get to the exchange
3. Token exchange
--What does the item cost
Hackenberg and Pietras
Baseline: key pecks produce tokens in both components
Response cost: key pecks in one component remove tokens

Removing tokens functions as negative punishment

Behavior is reduced more by contingent token loss than by non-contingent reductions in food and token presentation
Token economy
A reinforcement system based on token reinforcement; the contingencies specify when, and under what conditions, particular forms of behavior are reinforced. Tokens may be exchanged for goods and services.

Necessary components:
-Target behavior
-Tokens
-Schedules for token production, exchange production, and exchange
-Back up reinforcers
-Staff training
Clicker Training
1. Start with shaping
--For each successive approx. to target behavior give click then unconditioned reinforcer
2. When behavior establish, reinforce each instance with click and food
Backward chaining
A procedure used to train chained performance. Basic idea to first train the behavior that is closest to primary reinforcement; once responding established, links in chain are added that are farther and farther from primary reinforcement. Each link in chain reinforced by discriminative stimulus, which is also a conditioned reinforcer signaling the next component
Verbal community
Refers to the customary ways that people reinforce the behavior of the speaker
Imitation
SD: Model's behavior
Reinforced response: similar/identical behavior

+Maintains cultural practices
+Allows listener to learn from others experiences without having to make contact with the contingency
+Allows for efficient transmission of difficult-to-describe info
Say-do
SD: Own verbal behavior
Reinforced response: Own non-verbal behavior

+Maintains trust within community if people can be assumed to follow through with what they say they will do
+Can directly reinforce the "say" component because that happens in your presence
Do-say
SD: Own non-verbal behavior
Reinforced response: Own verbal behavior

+Allows you to find out what people did in your absence
+Lack of correspondence between saying and doing = lying or hypocrisy
Describing emotions
SD: Internal bodily state
Reinforced response: Verbal description of state

+Allows listener to respond appropriately to stimuli you cannot access
+Allows speaker to learn how to accurately identify your own emotions
Rule governed behavior
Refers to the effects of contingency-specifying stimuli on listener's behavior.

SD: Contingency-specifying stimuli
Reinforced response: Behavior corresponds with contingency specified

+Allows speaker to control others behavior
+Allows listener to learn from others experiences
Epstein
Study of imitation involving two pigeons

Pigeon 1 modeled behavior (pecking ping pong ball) that was reinforced
Pigeon 2 had opportunity to perform modeled behavior but not reinforced with food

Results: Pigeon 2 performed behavior at higher rate with model present and also did it when model absent
Criticisms of imitation as operant
1. Long delays between modeled behavior and imitative response are possible
2. Lack of direct reinforcement for a specific imitative response
Rules
Particular types of discriminative stimuli, they describe contingencies of reinforcement
Tracking
The rule states a contingency that exists in the physical world (natural contingencies; not socially mediated)
Pliance
Reinforcement contingencies for rule following created by other people (socially mediated)
Rule governed vs contingency governed
People will often follow a rule that does not accurately describe the current contingencies

This is more likely if following the rule does not bring them into contact with the fact they are inaccurate
Verbal behavior
The stimulus in the world sets the occasion for/is a discriminative stimulus for the behavior of saying the word
Behavior that is established and maintained by contingencies created by other people (socially mediated)

Behavior analysts focus on function of response, not form

Verbal behavior can be vocal, written, gestural, facial, etc
Mands
Manding (comes from word commanding) is a class of verbal operants whose form is regulated by specific establishing operations (ex deprivation, aversive stimulation, etc) and specific reinforcement

A mand is a verbal response that produces a reinforcer for which an establishing operation is in place.
Tacts
A class of verbal operants whose form is regulated by specific nonverbal discriminative stimuli. (comes from word contact)

A tact is directly under the control of a non-verbal stimulus and maintained by social reinforcement that is provided for correspondence between the tact and the stimulus.
Intraverbal relations
Intraverbal behavior involves a class of verbal operants regulated by verbal discriminative stimuli
Echoic
SD: verbal response
Reinforced response: identical verbal response in same modality

Point-to-point correspondence in same mode
Textual relations
SD: Verbal response
Reinforced response: corresponding verbal response in different modality (typically written and spoken)
Equivalence relations
1. Reflexivity
--A=A, each stimulus in equivalence with itself
2. Symmetry
--A=B, B=A, if one stimulus equivalent to another, then reverse true
3. Transitivity
--A=B, B=C, then A=C
Emergence
If some relations between stimuli are trained, then other can emerge without further training specifically relating those stimuli.
Helps us understand how novel verbal behavior can occur without the person having been directly reinforced for that specific response
Symbolic matching to sample task
Identical to standard matching to sample, except that the correct comparison is arbitrary, not based on being identical to the sample