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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acetone
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Acetone is also one of the ketone bodies that is formed when the body uses fat instead of glucose (sugar) for energy. The formation of acetone is usually a sign that cells lack insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin that is available, as occurs in diabetes. Acetone is excreted from the body in the urine.
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Acidosis
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Too much acid in the body, a distinctly abnormal condition resulting from the accumulation of acid or from the depletion of alkaline reserves. In acidosis, the pH of the blood is abnormally low. Acidosis is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, lung disease, and severe kidney disease. The opposite of acidosis is alkalosis in which there is too high a pH due to excess base or insufficient acid in the body
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Active transport
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the movement of materials across the membranes and epithelial layers of a cell by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit otherwise impermeable molecules against a concretration gradient.
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Aldosterone
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a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the aderenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to retain sodium, converse water by reabsorption, and increase urinary excretion of potassium.
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Albumin
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a water-soluble, heat-coagulable protein; the most abundant protein in blood plasma.
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Alkalosis
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Relatively too much base in the blood and body, an abnormal condition resulting from the accumulation of base or the depletion of acid. The pH of an alkalotic body measures above normal. The opposite of alkalosis is acidosis. An abnormal condition of body fluids, characterized by the tendency toward a blood pH level greater then 7.45 caused by an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or deficiency of acid.
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AntiDiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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a hormone that decreases the production of urine by increasing the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules. ADH is released in response to a decrease in blood volume.
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Ascites
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an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes
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Baroreceptors
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one of the pressure-sensitive nerve endings in the walls of the atria of the heart, the aortic arch, and the carotid sinuses. Baroreceptors stimulate central reflex mechanisms that allow physiologic adjustment and adaptation to changes in blood pressure via changes in heart rate, vasodilation, or vasoconstriction. Baroreceptors are essential for homeostasis
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Chvostek’s sign
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an abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the cheek to stimulate the facial nerve in patients who are hypocalcemic. It is a sign of tetany. Checking for this sign is especially important after thyroid or parathyroid surgery.
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Colloid
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a state or division of matter in which large molecules or aggregates of molecules (1 to 100 nm in size) do not precipitate and are dispersed in another medium. In a suspension colloid the particles are insoluble and the medium may be solid, liquid, or gas. In an emulsion colloid the particles are usually water, and the medium is any of several complex hydrophilic, organic substances that become evenly dispersed among the particles of water
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Crystalloid
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a substance whose particles are smaller than those of a colloid, form a true solution, and are therefore capable of passing through a semipermeable membrane, as in dialysis. The physical opposite of a crystalloid is a colloid, which does not dissolve and does not form true solutions.
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Diffusion
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the process in which particles in a fluid move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in the fluid. Little or no energy is required.
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Extracellular
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occurring outside a cell or cell tissue or in cavities or spaces between cell layers or groups of cells
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Filtration
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the addition of sheets of metal to a beam of x-rays for the purpose of altering the energy spectrum and thus the imaging characteristics and penetrating ability of the radiation. Filtration is generally accomplished with aluminum or copper at low to medium energy and with tin, copper, or aluminum at higher energy.
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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the pressure exerted by liquid
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Hyperkalemia
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greater than normal amounts of potassium in the blood. This condition is seen frequently in acute renal failure, massive trauma, major burns, and Addison's disease. Early signs are nausea, diarrhea, and muscle weakness. As potassium levels increase, marked cardiac changes are observed in the electrocardiogram. Treatment of severe hyperkalemia includes oral administration of Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) and IV administration of sodium bicarbonate, calcium salts, and dextrose. Hemodialysis is used if these measures fail
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Hypernatremia
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a greater than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, caused by excessive loss of water and electrolytes that results from polyuria, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or inadequate water intake. It may also be a result of a large intake of salt, either orally or intravenously. When water loss is caused by kidney dysfunction, urine is profuse and dilute. If water loss is not through the kidneys, such as in diarrhea and excessive sweating, the urine is scanty and highly concentrated. People with hypernatremia may become mentally confused, have seizures, and lapse into coma. The treatment is restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance by mouth or by IV infusion. Care must be taken to restore water balance slowly because further electrolyte imbalances may occur and complications from correcting sodium concentration may arise.
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Hyperosmolar
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pertaining to or emanating from hyperosmolality
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Hypertonic
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pertaining to a solution that causes cells to shrink. A solution that increases the degree of osmotic pressure on a semipermeable membrane
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Hypokalemia
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a condition in which an inadequate amount of potassium, the major intracellular cation, is found in the circulating bloodstream. Hypokalemia is characterized by abnormal electrocardiographic findings, weakness, confusion, mental depression, and flaccid paralysis. The cause may be starvation, treatment of diabetic acidosis, adrenal tumor, or diuretic therapy. Mild hypokalemia may resolve itself when the underlying disorder is corrected. Severe hypokalemia may be treated by the administration of potassium chloride, orally or parenterally, and by a diet high in potassium
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Hyponatremia
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a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium in the blood, caused by inadequate excretion of water or by excessive water in the circulating bloodstream. In a severe case the person may experience water intoxication, with confusion and lethargy, leading to muscle excitability, convulsions, and coma. Fluid and electrolyte balance may be restored by IV infusion of a balanced solution or a fluid-restricted diet.
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Hypotonic
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exhibiting less tension or firmness
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Intracellular
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situated or occurring within a cell or cells.
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Interstitial
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pertaining to the tiny spaces between tissues
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Isotonic
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pertaining to a solution that causes no change in cell volume.
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Lysis
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destruction or decomposition, as of a cell or other substance, under the influence of a specific agent.
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Osmosis
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the passage of pure solvent from the lesser to the greater concentration when two solutions are separated by a membrane that selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules but is permeable to the solvent. The principles of osmosis and the selective permeability of the cell membrane help to regulate the transfer of fluids and metabolites to and from the cells. Thus, they also maintain the stability of the salt/ion concentration in the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that acts to maintain a constant concentration of calcium in the extracellular fluid. The hormone regulates absorption of calcium from the GI tract; mobilization of calcium from the bones; deposition of calcium in the bones; and excretion of calcium in the breast milk, feces, sweat, and urine. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, as may inadvertently occur in thyroidectomy, results in hypocalcemia, leading to anorexia, tetany, seizures, and death if not corrected. Normal parathyroid laboratory findings are less than 2000 pg/mL. See also hypoparathyroidism
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Plasma
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the watery straw-colored fluid part of the lymph and the blood in which the leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets are suspended. Plasma is made up of water, electrolytes, proteins, glucose, fats, bilirubin, and gases and is essential for carrying the cellular elements of the blood through the circulation, transporting nutrients, maintaining the acid-base balance of the body, and transporting wastes from the tissues. Plasma and interstitial fluid correspond closely in content and concentration of proteins. Therefore plasma is important in maintaining the osmotic pressure and the exchange of fluids and electrolytes between the capillaries and the tissues
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Platelets
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An irregularly shaped cell-like particle in the blood that is an important part of blood clotting. Platelets are activated when an injury causes a blood vessel to break. They change shape from round to spiny, "sticking" to the broken vessel wall and to each other to begin the clotting process.
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Red blood cells
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A disk-shaped, biconcave cell in the blood that contains hemoglobin, lacks a nucleus, and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues
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Renin
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renal proteolytic enzyme, produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that surrounds each arteriole as it enters a glomerulus. The enzyme affects the blood pressure by catalyzing the change of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, strong pressor. Normal findings of adult plasma renin, measured in an upright position and sodium depleted, are 2.9 to 10.8 ng/mL/hr.
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Third Spacing
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A popular verb for haemorrhage or other accumulation of fluids into the so-called 3rd space or physiologic compartment, the interstitial space between the skin and fascia that isn’t normally perfused with fluids
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Trousseau’s sign
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Internal medicine Compression of the upper arm by a tourniquet or blood-pressure cuff causes carpal spasm and paresthesia, an indicator of ↓ Ca2+
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