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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what initially were cattle used for?
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they were initially used for multi-purposes like draft, meat, and milk. then they became more specialized
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what 2 inventions contributed to the end of the open range?
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Barbed wire and windmill
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what book did Upton Sincliar write? what did it lead to?
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"The Jungle" which lead to the Meat Inspection Act
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what year was the big mac created?
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1968
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how many beef herds are 100 head or less?
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85%
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where did the beef industry grow up around?
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near the corn belt area (Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, California, and Missouri)
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what are CA range lands classified as?
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Mediterranean, Desert, and intermountain
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what is CA’s ranking as a cattle state?
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15th
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what commodity is #6 in CA?
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cattle and calves
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what animal are modern domestic cattle believed to evolve from?
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aurochs
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what are the two modern biological types of cattle?
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bos taurus, bos indicus
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what are the 2 muscle classifications for cattle?
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veal and beef
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what is my big “take home” message?
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fit the animal to the land, not the land to the animal
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what are other names for Purebreds & Crossbreeding?
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Purebred: Seedstock and Foundation; Crossbred: Commercial and Terminal
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why is crossbreeding done?
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it is the most efficient means of commercial production. produce desirable offspring with heterosis.
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what are important Production Characteristics?
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mature body size, milk production, puberty age, adaptability, marbling, cutability, muscle expression, rate/efficiency of gain
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what are characteristics of economic importance?
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reproduction traits: milk production and age of puberty, efficiency/rate of gain, and carcass traits
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what are 2 characterizes that have the most effect on production traits?
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mature body size and milk production
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what is lean?
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muscle
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what is the amount of fat, muscle and bones that producers strive for?
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most muscle, optimum amount of fat, least amount of bone
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what is Bos indicus cattle also called? Where are they geographically from?
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zebu-type; south central asia and africa
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is being polled gender based or breed based?
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breed
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what are the two subcategories of Bos taurus cattle? What are the common names for them?
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British breeds: aka English breed; Continental breed: aka Exotics
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what breeds allow grading-up?
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simmental, charolais, and gelbvech
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what are British breeds known for?
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smaller size and increased fleshing and marbiling ability
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what is the #1 registered breed in the World?
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angus
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phenotype = genotype + environment
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know formula
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what type of digestive system are cattle?
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Complex stomach
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what are the four compartments of the runimiant stomach?
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omasum, abomasum, reticulum, rumen
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what does good nutrition provide vs. poor nutrition?
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good prevents health, reproductive and production problems as apposed to bad where there is poor conception rates, low calf crop, poor weaning weights, difficult births, higher feed bills, and disease
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younger animals need what type of diet vs., older animals need what type of diet?
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Y= more protein
O= more carbs |
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what do breeding animal’s nutritional needs change according to?
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state of production
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know what stage of production needs what level of nutritional requirements
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calving to breeding
late gestation breeding to weaning mid gestation |
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when are the 2 major growth spurts and who needs what nutritional demands and for what?
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pre and postnatal, fetus and dam, lactation and bone growth
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what is the general requirement of water to feed?
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3lbs water/lbs of feed
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what can cause adjustments to cow requirements?
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production stage, bcs, environment, size, and breed
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what portion does protein make up of an animals diet?
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15-16%
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what is the most costly part of a diet?
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protein
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what are modern feed rations of protein based on?
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the amount and types of amino acids needed
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what is the densest source of energy in feedstuffs?
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oils and fats
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what has 2.25 times more energy then CHO?
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fats
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what are the most important sources of fats in feed?
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grains
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what two minerals make up the largest portion of minerals in the body?
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calcium and phosphorus
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how are minerals often feed?
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free choice
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what can make vitamin B in the cow’s body?
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Micro-organisms
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what are the feed efficiency equations?
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lbs of feed/1 lbs of live weight gain
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what are 4 the “Net Energy for Production”?
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weight gain, body condition gain, fetal growth, and milk production
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what are the areas that require adjustments in nutrition?
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production stage, bcs, size and breed, environmental
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what is the ideal weight for heifer development when breed and when calving?
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60% of mature weight at breeding
85% of mature weight at calving |
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What is puberty vs. sexual maturity?
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puberty is the age at which animals become capable to reproduce
sexual maturity is the age where an animal can reproduce at optimal level |
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what is the cover rate or stocking rate for young bulls and mature bulls for a season?
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young bulls=15 cows/season
mature bulls=40 cows/season |
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what is heritability? What does it mean to have low heritability and high heritability?
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traits being passed down from parent to offspring.
high heritability= faster improvement low heritability= slow herd improvement |
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what are some of the EPDs for Beef Cattle?
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birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, milk, calving ease, stayability, gestation length, carcass value
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what is the length of Cattle ESTROUS Cycle?
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19-21 days`
` |
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what is the length of the estrus or standing heat?
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12-24 hrs
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when does ovulation happen?
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10-14 hours following estrus
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what are the signs of Standing Heat or Estrus?
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will stand to be ridden, discharge- clear, swollen vulva, nervousness, vocalization
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what are the mating options available to producers? – Breeding Methods?
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pasture, hand-mating, AI, embryo transfer
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older bulls should mate what?
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young heifers
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younger bulls should mate what?
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older cows
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what is a gomer or sidewinder?
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a bull who's penis had been transplanted to his side
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what are the advantages of AI vs. Livecover?
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AI:1 bull produces 500,000 calves
Livecover: 1 bull produces 400 calves |
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what is some methods of heat detection?
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chin ball markings, KaMar beacon, tail paint, heat watch software
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what is riding?
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mounting
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how is semen handled? What can kill semen?
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keep out of sunlight, keep warm when thawed, get into the body quickly
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what is estrous synchronization used for?
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Reduce estrous detection, shortening breeding season, and grouping cattle together for parturition
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why do synchronization? What are the advantaged & disadvantages?
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to cycle a group of cows into estrus at the same time.
Pros: shortens breeding season, calves come earlier into season, wean heavier Cons: trained ppl for heat detection, having to keep records, women must wear gloves |
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what ovarian body is manipulating for synchronization?
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corpus leuteum
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who does AI allow their genes to pass on in mass?
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bulls
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who does ET allow their genes to pass on in mass?
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cows
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what is embryo transfer? Advantages vs. Limitations?
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removing embryos of donor dam and placing them in surrogate dam
Pros: superior donors, maximize semen use, transporting of genetics over long distances, identical offspring. Cons: expensive, labor intensive, high level training and experience |
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what are Synchronization methods? What are trade names? What is it utilized for?
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Gonadotropin, lutalyse, progestins
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what are cattle characteristics?
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prey animals, grazers, poor depth perception, panoramic vision, keen hearing, curious
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what is normal cattle behavior?
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herd animals, more dangerous when isolated, extremely protective of young
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what is the flight zone? How can it be used to move cattle?
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animals personal space of comfort.
decreasing the amount of personal space can force the cattle into different directions |
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what is the herd flight zone and how can it be used to move the herd?
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same as individual flight zone
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what safety considerations should be taken when working around cattle?
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avoid being kicked, crushed, ran over, crowding, and head butted
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what does an animal’s reaction depend on?
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experience, genetics, low stress handling, and temperament
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what is the vision radius of cattle? Where is the blind spot?
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310- 360 degrees; directly behind them
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how is cattle depth perception?
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poor
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what are some behavior dislikes of cattle? Environmental dislikes?
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abuse, loudness, isolation, fast movement, strong wind, change in flooring/elevation, light-dark transition, shadows, sunrays, things that are out of place
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where is the point of balance on livestock when working in the flight zone?
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at or just behind the point of the shoulders
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what is BCS used for?
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breedability
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what is an optimal score for BCS?
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4-6
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what parts of the cow is looked at to view for scoring?
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ribs, tail head, spineous/transverse processes, hooks, pins, and backbone
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what number score do you start with and work from?
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4 then work up or down
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what do the different colors of lean indicate?
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white lean is younger and less vasculated; red lean is older and more vasculated.
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what does the texture of the lean indicate?
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tender in young animals; rougher in older animlas
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what are the top 3 quality grades?
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prime choice standard
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between which ribs is the ribeye measurement taken?
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12th and 13th
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what are the months of the contract?
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Jan March April May Aug Sep Oct Nov
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how is GAP monitored or implemented?
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outside private auditors review the ranch to determine eligibility
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list 4 cattle EPDs
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birthing, weaning weight, yearling weight, milking ability
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what are the 2 types of future contracts for cattle?
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live and feeder cattle
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what are beef check off dollars?
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the money percentage paid when cattle are sold by ranchers
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what are the US's major export markets?
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mexico, korea, canada, russia, china
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what are the 3 areas that are increasing in the future of the beef industry?
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genetic testing, NAIS, and aged and sourced cattle
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what does genetic testing allow for?
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being certain about epds prior to reproducing especially carcass values
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what does NAIS stand for?
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national animal identification service
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as a countries disposable income increases what happens to the meat demand?
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it increases
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what are some maximizing strategies for resources
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growth, resource preservation, succession planning, asset appreciation, buy/sell strategy
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what is BQA and who is it sponsored by?
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developed by individual State Cattleman's Association paid for by beef check off dollars
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what are some of the areas of the US beef industry that will transform?
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retail and food service consolidation
beef safety and accountability value determination of feed cattle |
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who are currently promoters of aged and sourced cattle?
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promoted by breeder associations- primary promoter
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how many dots in the rib eye grid make an inch?
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10 dots= 18sq inches
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how is age determined on the carcass?
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red tips of the thoracic vertebrae
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what factors affect the basis?
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location, season, animal weight, quality, and gender
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in the long term what does sustainability equal?
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long term profit
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what are the parts of the hind quarter?
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short loin, sirloin, flank, round
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what are beef quality grade factors?
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marbling, maturity, color, and texture
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what are the GAP steps?
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no crowding
enriched environment pasture centered animal centered "": entire life on same farm |
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what are the sections of the GAP?
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animal health, handling, management, and transport
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what is the difference b/w cow-calf and stocker/feedlot in costs?
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cow-calf is fixed
stocker/feedlot is margined |
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difference b/w inspecting and grading?
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inspecting is madatory and done when animal is alive grading is mandatory and done when animal is dead
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what is the purpose of inspecting?
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eliminates disease
sanitary preparation of meats stops false labels being used ensures animals harvested humanely |
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what are 2 ways of diversifying market avenues?
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alliances and co-op
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