Becoming A Woman/becoming A Man

Front 1

___ is your subjective sense of being a man or a woman. It is influenced by both biological and social factors.

Back 1

Gender identity

Front 2

____ are norms (what is considered appropriate) about the behaviors and attitudes of men and women. They vary from culture to culture and can change over time within the same culture.

Back 2

Gender roles

Front 3

A person's genetic sex is determined at conception by the combination of an egg, which has an X chromosome for sex, and a sperm, which can have either an X or a Y chromosome. ____ combinations usually result in girls, while ___ combinations usually produce boys.

Back 3

XX, XY

Front 4

There are over 70 known irregularities in chromosome combinations. These include men with one or more extra X chromosomes, ____ syndrome, and women with only one X chromosome, ____ syndrome.

Back 4

Klinefelter's, Turner's

Front 5

Hormones determine whether an embryo will develop anatomically to be a boy or a girl. Unless there are high levels of ___ at this critical stage of prenatal development, nature has programmed the body to develop into a ____.

Back 5

testosterone, girl

Front 6

Hormone abnormalities before birth can result in a mismatch between genetic and anatomical sex, or a baby whose external genitalia are ambiguous in appearance. These individuals are called ___.

Back 6

intersexuals

Front 7

Some individuals feel that they are trapped inside a body of the wrong sex, a feeling called ___.

Back 7

gender dysphoria

Front 8

Persons whose gender identity does not match their biological sex are said to have ___. They often elect to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

Back 8

gender identity disorder (transsexuals)

Front 9

___ theory emphasizes unconscious identification with the parent of the same sex, while ___ theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and imitation.

Back 9

Freudian, social learning

Front 10

Cognitive-development theory states that children do not acquire the concept of ___ until the age of ___.

Back 10

gender constancy, 6 or 7

Front 11

___ theory says that says psychological sex differences men and women are inherent and the result of different reproductive pressures each faced over thousands of generations.

Back 11

Evolutionary (sociobiological)

Front 12

____ theory emphasizes the role of the environment or social context in influencing the way gender roles develop over the life span.

Back 12

Sociocultural

Front 13

Masculinity and femininity were once viewed as opposite ends of a uni-dimensional continuum, but today they are generally viewed as ___ constructs. This has led to the theory of ___, which says that a person can be both masculine and feminine and that this is the healthiest of all gender roles because of the flexibility it gives individuals in different situations.

Back 13

independent, androgyny

Front 14

When children cognitively organize the world according to gender, they create gender ___.

Back 14

schemas

Front 15

Recent studies have shown that some differences between man and women in sexual attitudes and behaviors are better explained by the evolutionary theory (such as ___) while others are better explained by sociocultural theory (such as ___).

Back 15

sexual desire, sociosexuality

Front 16

T/F: Transgendered and transsexual mean the same thing.

Back 16

false

Front 17

T/F: Hormone levels around the time of birth alter brain anatomy to be either "male" or "female."

Back 17

true

Front 18

T/F: By the age of 3, children know whether they are a boy or a girl, but do not understand that this cannot change.

Back 18

true

Front 19

T/F: In the absence of testosterone during embryonic development, we would all be born anatomically a girl.

Back 19

true

Front 20

T/F: Fathers tend to treat their children in more gender-stereotypic ways than do mothers

Back 20

true

Front 21

T/F: Transsexual is a term for a type of homosexual.

Back 21

false

Front 22

T/F: According to social learning theory, imitation is a process by which children may learn gender identity and gender roles.

Back 22

true

Front 23

T/F: The rise of industrialization helped create the male gender role of being independent and unemotional.

Back 23

true

Front 24

T/F: Gender role is the way you express your gender identity.

Back 24

true

Front 25

T/F: The most common cause of psudohermaphroditism in men is androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Back 25

true

Front 26

T/F: Men's and women's hypothalamuses are different.

Back 26

true

Front 27

T/F: A transsexual is someone who cross-dresses for sexual arousal

Back 27

false

Front 28

T/F: Children do not show gender-stereotyped behavior until they have developed gender constancy.

Back 28

false

Front 29

T/F: In girls, male sex-play behavior is related to fetal testosterone levels.

Back 29

true

Front 30

T/F: There is little noticeable difference between the behavior of boys and the behavior of girls before the age of 2.

Back 30

true

Front 31

Tom believes he is a woman, but is anatomically a man and does not want sex reassignment surgery. (3 answers)

Back 31

gender dysphoric, gender identity disorder, transgendered person

Front 32

Bob is low in instrumental orientation ("getting the job done") and has great affective concern for the welfare of others. (1 answer)

Back 32

"feminine" on Bem Sex-Role Inventory

Front 33

Frank prefers men as sexual partners. (1 answer)

Back 33

homosexual

Front 34

Susan cannot reproduce; she is short and infertile and has one X chromosome. (1 answer)

Back 34

Turner's syndrome

Front 35

Joe is neither instrumental nor expressive, neither assertive nor emotional. (1 answer)

Back 35

undifferentiated individual

Front 36

David's body did not respond to testosterone during prenatal development; he has female genitalia and undescended testes. (3 answers)

Back 36

androgen insensitivity syndrome, intersexual, pseudohermaphrodite

Front 37

Sam was born with a very small penis that looked like a clitoris, an incomplete scrotum, and a short, closed, vaginal cavity. At puberty his voice deepended, his testicals descended, and his "clitoris" grew to become a penis. (4 answers)

Back 37

androgen insensitivity syndrome, DHT-deficient individual, intersexual, pseudohermaphrodite

Front 38

Wayne is both instrumental and expressive, assertive and emotional. (1 answer)

Back 38

androgynous individual

Front 39

Phillip believes he is a woman trapped in a male body and wishes to have sex reassignment surgery. (3 answers)

Back 39

gender dysphoric, gender identity disorder, transsexual

Front 40

Carol has an enlarged clitoris and labia because of too much masculinizing hormone during her fetal development. (3 answers)

Back 40

adrenogenital syndrome, pseudohermaphrodite, intersexual

Front 41

Mike believes that men should be assertive, aggressive, success-oriented, and unemotional, and play little role in housekeeping and childcare responsibilities. (1 answer)

Back 41

stereotyped individual

Front 42

Harold is tall, with long arms; he has a small penis, shrunken testicles, low sexual desire, and an extra X chromosome. (1 answer)

Back 42

Klinefelter's syndrome

Front 43

Barbara is genetically a woman, but has both male and female reproductive systems as a result of the failure of her primitive gonads to differentiate during the embryonic stage. (2 answers)

Back 43

hermaphrodite, intersexual

Front 44

A child's knowledge that his or her sex does not change is called ___ in cognitive-development theory.

Back 44

gender constancy

Front 45

According to Cancian, gender roles for men and women did not start to differ until the ___.

Back 45

1800s (when the United States and other counties became industrialized)

Front 46

According to ___ theory, an individual's gender role results from society's expectations of male and female behavior.

Back 46

sociocultural

Front 47

According to Freud, children acquire the gender identity of the same-sex parent through the process of ___.

Back 47

identification

Front 48

The process of internalizing society's beliefs is called ___.

Back 48

socialization

Front 49

Oversimplified, rigid beliefs that all members of a particular sex have distinct behavioral and emotional characteristics are called ___.

Back 49

stereotypes

Front 50

On Bem's Sex-Role Inventory, a person who scores low on both dimensions is called ___.

Back 50

undifferentiated

Front 51

According to Freud, children acquire their gender identity in the ___ stage of psychosexual development.

Back 51

phallic

Front 52

If an individual scores high on both the femininity dimension and the masculine dimension of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, he or she would be called ___.

Back 52

androgynous

Front 53

Money and Ehrhardt (1972) stated, "Nature's rule is, it would appear, that to masculinize, something must be added." That something is ___.

Back 53

testosterone

Front 54

___ cross-dress for sexual arousal and gratification, whereas ___ cross-dress because they truly believe they are members of the opposite sex.

Back 54

transvestites; transsexuals

Front 55

In social learning explanations of gender identity development, when children watch their mothers and fathers and copy them, it is called ___.

Back 55

imitation

Front 56

Gender refers to ___.

Back 56

the social construction of masculinity and femininity

Front 57

According to Bem, masculine is to instrumental as feminine is to ___.

Back 57

expressive

Front 58

According to Kagan, boys' and girls' behaviors do not differ at the age of ___.

Back 58

2

Front 59

Some languages classify all nouns as either masculine or feminine. This is an example of ___.

Back 59

gender schema

Front 60

The presence of ___ shortly before and after birth changes the brain to male anatomy.

Back 60

testosterone

Front 61

Among early North American Indian tribes, a ___ was highly respected man who cross-dressed and assumed the behaviors of a woman.

Back 61

two-spirit

Front 62

___ theory says that psychological sex differences between men and women are inherent and the result of different reproductive pressures each faced over thousands of generations.

Back 62

Evolutionary