Becoming A Middle School Or High School Teacher In Texas

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accommodations

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providing what is needed for instruction for students with special needs or ELL students by adapting or adjusting, such as by using different instructional approaches and strategies.

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acculturation

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when a cultural group accepts and takes on the cultural norms of another cultural group.

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additive approach

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(to bilingualism) the view-point that acquisition of a second language is positive and that it does not necessitate forfeiting the first language.

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assimilation

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the process by which a minority group becomes a part of the majority group, changing itself and changing the group in power, too.

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authenic assessments

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assessments conducted in real-life settings or simulationms that are close to real life.

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Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

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social, conversational language.

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bilingualism

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comfort and facility in two languages such that individuals are users of formal and informal aspects of both languages.

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class structure

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defined in terms of income (low, medium, high).

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Cognitie Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

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academic, abstract language that normally takes from 5 to 7 years to acquire when learning a new language.

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critical pedagogy

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an approach in which students learn to "question the questions," to seek their own answers, and to examine all areas critically when developing decision-making and social-action skills.

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cultural relativism

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the ability to view a culture as if you were a member of that culture.

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culture

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perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors acquired drom families and those around us; usually a function of "exposure" or socialization.

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Digital Divide

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difference between the "haves" and the "have-nots" in access to technologyh resources.

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disability group

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defines the identity of aperson who has lost or experienced reduced function of a certain body part or organ; also includes physical, cognitive, and emotional functions.

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decifit model

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viewing individuals who are not of one's own culture as deficient and generalizing this negative perception to all behaviors that are particular to that individual's culture.

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discrimation

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the use of negative responses or that absence of positive responses that denies success based on prejudiced or prejudicial outlooks, actions, or treatment.

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diversity

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a variety of cultures, viewpoints, tradtions, values, and needs of students in public education within the framework of American democratic

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dominant culture

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mainstream culture, often commanding, controlling, or prevailing over all other cultures.

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English Language Learners (ELLS)

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(formally referred to as LEP, or Limited English Proficient) those learning English as their second language.

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empowerment

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the goal of all education; encouraging full participation in decision making, encouraging and teaching self-advocacy for success, building confidence, inviting choice making, and giving credence to individual opinions.

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equity

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justice according to natural law or right; freedom from bias or favoritism.

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ethnicity

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a national heritage as well as a distinct set of customs, language system, beliefs and values, indigenous family traditions, and ceremonies.

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ethnocentrism

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a view of reality from one's own ehnic perspective alone and, possibility, a belief that this view is superior.

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exceptionalities

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attributes that make a student different from most others in the area of learning; including cognitive, physical, and socioemotional differences (for example, learning disabilities, emotional disabilities, and giftedness.)

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feminization of poverty

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a large segment of the population below the poverty line line that consists of female-headed households and their children.

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Funds of Knowledge

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benefits from knowledge and experiences of students and their families to potentially enhance school-related activities and practice.

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gender bias

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pertaining to preferences or preferential treatment by teachers toward males or females.

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gender equity

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nonpreferential treatment of males and females.

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Gifted and Talented

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students with identified special talents and abilities who receive special instructions.

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handicap

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the challenge a person experiences due to a disability.

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inclusion

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the notion that students with disability should be taught with their nondisabled peers in schools that are part of their community.

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Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

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developed for students with exceptionalities, with input from the parent, the classroom teacher, administration, specialists, and the student (when appropriate), to identify special needs; an IEP must be followed by law.

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Individualized Transition Plan (ITP)

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developed for students with exceptionalities who are 16 years old or older, with input from from student, parent, classroom teacher, administrator, and specialists, to identify post secondary schools.

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involuntary immigrants

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those whose families had no choice in coming to the United States; for example, the Africans brought as slaves prior to the Civil War.

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language acquisition

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the natural, gradual acquisition of language based on receiving and understanding messages, building a listening (receptive) vocabulary first, and slowly attempting verbal production of the language in a supportive environment.

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learned helplessness

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the lackof belief that our actions will lead to success due to expectations of failure and even acceptance of failure.

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least restrictive environment (LRE)

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placing students with exceptionalities in settings that allow them to function to their maximum capabilities with the maximum possible placement in a regular classroom.

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mainstream culture

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see dominant culture

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melting pot analogy

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people from different cultures and backgrounds forging a new culture and, in the process, losing their original cultural identity.

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migrant workers

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students who spend a few months in one school and then in another as they follow the migratory patterns of the agricultural industry.

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minority

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term that usually refers to an ethnic, racial, or underrepresented group that is not the majority.

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modifications

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changes made in instruction and assessment in response to student needs; frequently used for students with disabilities and developed by an ARD (Admission, Review, and Dismissal) committee.

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monolingualism

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fluency, use, and understanding of only one language.

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norms

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expected behaviors usually defined within the context of a culture; what is accepted as normal behavior within a specific group.

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pluralism

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when a minority group retains its cultural norms and does not assimilate into the dominant or majority culture, yet possesses equal status in that majority culture.

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Public Law 94-112

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provides for a free and appropriate education, nondiscrimatory evaluatio, and an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) for all students with disabilities; later reauthorized as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

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race

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refers to human groups according to their physical taits and characteristics; different and often conflicting typologies exist because human groups in modern societies are highly mixed.

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salad bowl analogy

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people of different cultures forming a society but retaining their individual cultural identities.

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semilingualism

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use of limited aspects of a single language or of two or more languages; for example, students may speak their native language well, but may not write or read it well.

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socioeconomic class

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a composite of occupation, educational attainment, and income.

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standardized tests

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establish the same content, scoring, testing conditions, and interpretation guidelines.

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subtractive approach

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(to bilingualism) the view-point that acquisition of the second language (in this case, English) is most successful when the development of the first language is forfeited.