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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Agent
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is a microorganism, or a toxin derived form a microorganism, wich causes disease in men, plants or animals, or which causes the deterioration of material.
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Biological Warfare
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is the intentional use of viruses, bacteria, other microorganisms or toxins derived form living organisms to cause death or diseases in humans, animals, or plants
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Pathogen
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is a microorganism able to cause disease.
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Bloodborne Pathogen
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Pathogenic microorganism that are present in a human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to , Hepatitis B (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Other Infectious Materials (OPIMS)
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Anything that comes from inside or is part of the body, such as fluids, tissue, body parts and is or it could be contaminated with a pathogen.
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Infection
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Is a general term applied to the entry and development/multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of people, animal, or plants.
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Disease
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condition where the host's tissues are damaged or their function is altered by microorganism. Usually recognized by the sings and symptoms.
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Chain of Infection
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Is the orderly progression of events, and is represented as a chain. Each step must be present for infection to occur.
1. Pathogen; 2. Reservoir; 3. Escape from reservoir; 4. Transmission through environment; 5. Portal of entry; 6. Susceptible Host. |
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Biological Threats Route of Entry
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1. Inhalation; 2. Ingestion; 3. Injection; 4. Absorption via dermal contact.
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Categories of microbial organisms
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1. Bacteria; 2. Viruses; 3. Toxins; 4. Other ( Fungi, parasites, Prion).
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Methods of Biological Organism Transmission
CONTACT |
1. Direct contacts occurs when microorganisms are transferred from one infected person to another without a contaminated intermediate.
2. Indirect contact occurs when organisms are spread to a susceptible host via a contaminated intermediate object or person. |
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Methods of Biological Organism Transmission
Vector Borne Transmission |
Occurs when an infectious agent is transmitted to a host by a vector such as a mosquito, flea, or tick.
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Methods of Biological Organism Transmission
Airborne Transmission |
Occurs when infectious agent carried by dust or droplets nuclei suspended in the air, are inhaled into the respiratory system.
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Blood Borne Pathogen (BBP) Program
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29CFR1910.1030 it applies to employees who are occupationally exposed to BBP or OPIMS.
Exposure to BBP or OPIMS has to be as part of their job responsibilities. |
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BE Role in BBP Program
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1. Is a member of the Infection Control Program.
2. Recommends/Reviews engineering Controls as well as PPE. 3. In deployed location may ensure there is a mechanism in place to dispose Regulated Waste. |
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BE Role in TB Infection Control Program
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1. Reviewing the TB Control Plan.
2. Evaluate/Recommend the Control Measures (ventilation systems) and adequacy of other environmental controls. 3. Respiratory Protection Program 4. BE personnel will be assessed to be determine if they required TB screening. |
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Categories of Biological Warfare Agents are:
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Typically found in nature and have been changed to increase their ability to cause diseases, make them resistant to current medicines, or increase their ability to spread into the environment.
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How are they classified?
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Can be separated into three categories depending on how easily they can spread and the severity of illness or death they cause.
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Cat A - High Priority Agents
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Include organism or toxins that pose the highest risk to the public and national security because: they can be easily spread or transmitted; result in high death rates, might cause public panic, require special action for public health preparedness.
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Cat A Agents
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Varicella, Anthrax, Plague, Botulism, Tularemia, Filoviruses, Ebola Fever.
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Cat B - Second Highest priority
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Include those that: are moderately easy to spread, result in moderate illness rates and low death, require specific enhancements of CDC's laboratory capacity and enhanced disease monitoring. Include food borne illness pathogens.
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Cat B Agents
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Q Fever, Brucellosis, Glanders, Venezuelan Encephalitis, Eastern and Western Encephalitis, Ricin Toxin, Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B.
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Cat C - third highest priority
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agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered to mass spread in the future because: they are easily available, easily produces and spread, have the potential for high morbidity and partiality rates and can pose a major health impact.
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Cat C agents
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Nipha virus, Hantaviruses, Tickborne hemorragic fevers, multidrug resistance TB.
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Characteristics of Biological Warfare Agents
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(1). Low Agent Requirements; (2). Large Area Coverage; (3). Affected by Weather; (4). Delayed Effect; (5). Pervasive (easily spread); (6). Nondestructive to nonliving things; (7). Difficult to detect; (8). Easy to produce; (9). Broad range of effects.
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Methods of Biological Warfare Agent Delivery and Dissemination
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(1). Aerosol; (2). Contamination of Food and Water; (3). Injection; (4). Vector Borne
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Methods for Identifying Biological Health Threats
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There are many potential sources of data and information to help identify biological hazards, including intelligence sources, existing documentations, other service organizations and support agencies, assessments of local hazardous facilities and observations and interviews.
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Intelligence Sources
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Base Medical Intelligence Officer; National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI); Medical Environmental Disease Intelligence and Countermeasures (MEDIC CD); Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
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Existing Documentation
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DOEHRS or other data bases whether for a shop at home station or at a deployed location; WVA and FVA; After Action Reports; Prior inspections reports; TB, BBP and Infection Control Plans.
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Other Organizations and Support Agencies
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US Amy Medical Research Institute for Infection Diseases; US Army Public Health Command; CDC
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Assessments of Local Hazardous Facilities
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TIC/TIM; TIB VA
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Observations and Interviews
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Visual clues, such as biological waste bags, sharp containers, sick animals, lagoons, pits, ponds. Potential hazardous facilities in the area, medical facilities.
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A Biological Attack should be considered if:
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Unusual numbers of casualties, higher sickness and death rate than expected; unusual distribution of casualties; disease with an unusual geographic or seasonal distribution; unusual disease pattern; multiple unusual or unexplained diseases entities; unusual diseases outbreak.
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Considerations for Analyzing Potential Biological Health Threats to Support a HRA
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Each threat should be analyzed within its context for the mission operations being performed such as support of sorties generation, initial bed down of forces. emergency response operations, OSHA compliance etc.
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Key Factors to Consider when Analyzing the threat.
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Type of mision; length of operation; living conditions; working conditions; geographical location and conditions; threat characteristics; exposure parameters; PPE; medical treatment resources
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Factors to consider when determining the impact of the biological threat.
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- Determine how the health threat affects personnel
- Consider how the health threat will affect the mission and operational requirements - What are the phycological consequences on the unit? - Are there Occupational Standards that apply? - Consider the potential for exposure variability based on factors such as changing environment? - Identify possible outcomes or potential consequences and the impact on emergency responders. - |
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HRA may require a quick reaction and recommendations
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Remember, a complete exposure pathway must exist for the threat of hazard to be considered as a risk.
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Sampling Equipment used to ID Biological Threats
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- Biological sampling may involve different types of media like air, soil, water, food,environmental surfaces and human specimens.
- The ability to detect and ID an agent or event significantly affects the when site/installation can initiate response and recovery actions and how effectively those actions minimize consequences. |
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Biological Sampling Kit and the Handheld assay HHA
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provide limited biological detection capability. The purpose of this kit is to provide a simple and quick probable ID of specific biological agents.
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XMX/2L-MIL- Bio-Aerosol Sampler
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used for collection of aerosols. Is intended to be used as an stationary machine. Concentrate the sample for later analysis.
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Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device (RAPID)
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Is the standard for DoD because is rugged, reliable and accurate. It allows for a quick ID of biological agents. Detects five different agents.
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Joint Biological Agent identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)
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is a laboratory instrument system that provides medical leaders and commanders with rapid and specific ID of biological threats agents. Analyses clinical, food, and environmental samples.
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Porta Shield
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is an automated networked biological detection system specifically designed for fixed sites. The Portal Shield sensor group automates the detection , collection and i.d. of biological warfare agents simultaneously in less than 25 minutes. It collects samples of the Bio agent to be forwarded to reach back labs for confirmation.
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Joint Biological Standoff Detection System (JBSDS)
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first standoff early warning biological detection system. Is capable of providing near real time detection of biological conditions and early warning of (detect-to-warn) biological attacks/incidents at fixed sites or vehicle mounted.
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HAZMAT ID
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Is a Fourier transform infrared spectrofophtometer (FTIR) for use in ID specific chemicals compounds like solids, powders, pastes, and gels as well as liquids. Do not detect biological agents but tells you if there is a protein present.
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Dry Filter Unit
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Is used for buildings or limited areas. Good for collecting samples.
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Chem/Bio Sampling Kit (Quicksilver)
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is a highly efficient and adaptable field sampling collection kit. Can take up to six solid, liquid and/or swipe samples and six biological samples.
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Biological Threats Engineering Control Options
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Refers to the method of isolating, removing or preventing the transmission of biological hazards in the workplace. Examples are: puncture-resistance sharps disposal containers, splatter guards, negative pressure ventilation systems, and the use of ventilated biological cabinets.
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Use of Safer Needles
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the use of needle less connectors systems, self sheeting safety devices, retractable technology, self blunting technology and hinged safety features on devices.
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Shelter in Place
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as a minimum provide a physical barrier which keeps some of the contamination away from the people inside. Restricting flow of air into the shelter increases its values as a biological shelter.
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Collective Protection
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a dedicated hardened o unhardened shelter equipped with an air filtration unit providing overpressure can offer collective protection for personnel.
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Administrative Controls options to Biological Health threats are
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Hand Hygiene; Sanitation; Food and Water Sanitation; Immunoprophylaxis; Chemoprophylaxis; Use of standard Precautions; Proper labeling of Biohazards and Biohazardous Areas; Marking Contamination; Isolation, Quarantine and Restriction of Movement; Safe Work practices; Decontamination.
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Personal Protective Equipment for Biological Agents
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used to prevent the biological agent from reaching the workers airway, skin, mucous membrane and clothing. Includes items such as: gloves; lab gowns; shoe covers; goggles; glasses with side shields; masks; respiratory protection.
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PPE for Emergency Response
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Level A, B and C PPE, may be appropriate for response ti biological hazards. NIOSH establishes recommendations PPE for use use against Biological Agents.
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Chemical Hazards: Compounds
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is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more difference chemical elements.
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Dose Resposnse relationaship
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is the correlations between the amount of exposure to an agent or toxic chemical and the resulting effect on the body.
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Physical Classification of Toxic material
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How a substance gets into the body and what damage it causes depend on the form or the physical properties of the substance.
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Basic physical forms of Chemicals
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Solids
Liquid Mist or Fogs Gases Vapors |
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Vapors
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is the gaseous form of a substance which is in a liquid or solid state at normal temperature and pressure.
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Liquid
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a liquid can be dispersed as something we cal aerosol, with is basically liquid droplets dispersed in air, that are fine enough in particle size to remain dispersed.
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Two types of aerosols:
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Mists - very small liquid particles that are generated by condensation of liquids from the vapor back to the liquid state or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state as by spraying, foaming, or atomization.
Fogs- visible aerosols, wich in a dispersed phase, are liquid; formation by condensation is implied. In other words, these are the same as mists but the particles is much smaller in size. |
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Solids
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A solid can become airborne when it becomes a solid aerosol. There are four types; Fumes, smokes, dust and fibers.
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Fumes
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solid particles condensed from the gaseous satiate after metal is heated. Usually less than 1 micrometer.
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Smokes
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Solid particles produced by incomplete combustion of substances containing carbon or organic material.
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Dusts
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Solid particles by crushing, sawing, sanding, grinding, polishing, rapid impact, detonation, and decrepitaiton of materials such as rock, coal, ore, metal, wood and grain.
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Fibers
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Elongated particles with a length severalties greater than their diameter. Natural or synthetic.
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Chemicals Route of entry
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Inhalation - the most concern
Absorption - skin effective barrier, react with skin, sensitization,penetrate Contact - dermatitis or some type of skin damage. Ingestion - eating or drinking chemical. Injection - skin broken by a object that may be contaminated. |
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Chemical Hazard
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a chemical hazard arise from contamination with harmful or potentially harmful chemicals.
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Health Threat
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is a potential or actual condition that causes short or long-term injury, illness, or death to personnel.
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Properties of Hazardous Chemicals - A chemical is considered hazardous if is listed in any of the following:
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MSDS; OSHA 29CFR1910.1000 and Table Z-1 through Z-3; TLV; Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemicals Substances, NIOSH
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Four items can help you to determine identify a chemical as harmful:
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- How you will use it?
- How long? - What strength is the chemical? [ ] - What characteristics dose the chemical have? |
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Corrosive
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can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues. Strong acids and bases.
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Toxic
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is a chemical that can cause illness or death. It could be a poison such as arsenic, or a chemical like formaldehyde.
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Flammable liquid
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catches fire easily with a flash point a less than 100 degree Fahrenheit.
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Oxidizer/Reactive
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chemicals that promotes oxidation, such as rusting, or react with each other.
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Compressed Gas
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typical forms are propane or gases used for welding and burning.
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Explosive
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is any combination of chemicals that explode when heated, shocked or pressurized.
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Radioactive
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chemical that will emit radiation
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Carcinogen
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that has been found to cause cancer
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Chemical warfare agent
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is a chemical substance that is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate unprotected people.
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Nerve Agent
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attacks the nervous system and affects muscle control, vision, heart, and lungs functions.
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Nerve Agent Symptoms
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- Miosis (pin-pointed pupils)
- Rhinorrea (Runny nose) - Heavy Salivation - Uncontrollable urination/defecation - Seizure - Death |
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Some Nerve Agents of concern
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Tabun (GA0, Sarin (GB), Soman (GC), and VX
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Vesicant Agents (Blisters)
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They attack and destroy cell tissue. They cause skin and eye irritation, inflammation,and severe blisters.
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Some Blister Agents
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Mustard (HD), Nitrogen mustard (HN) and lewisite.
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Cyanogen's (Blood Agents)
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disrupt the oxygen-carrying properties of blood. They are fast acting, deadly agents that vaporize as dissipate quickly on the open air.
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Pulmonary Agents (Chocking)
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attack the lung tissue primarily causing pulmonary edema. If sufficient amount enters the lungs, liquid may gather there and fill the lungs.
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TIC/TIM VA
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The risk assessment methodology developed to address substances that may be toxic, explosive, or radioactive in the surrounding and may pose a threat to our base.
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Toxic Industrial Material (TIM)
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All toxic Industrial Material manufactured, stored, transported, or used in industrial or commercial processes. TIM includes TIC.TIR, and TIB.
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Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TIC)
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Any chemical manufactured, used, transported, or stored by industrial, medical, or commercial process. For example: pesticides, petrochemicals, fertilizers, corrosives, or poisons.
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Toxic Industrial Biologicals (TIB)
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are Biologicals materials found in medical research, pharmaceutical, or other manufacturing process that are toxic but not evaluated due to their imprecise nature.
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Toxic Industrial Radiological (TIR)
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are radiation emitting materials used in research, power generation, medical treatment, and other non-weapons developmental activities that are harmful to humans and animal if released outside their controlled environment.
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Categories of TIC/TIM
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- Toxic substances
- Explosive industrial chemicals - Radioactive industrial chemicals |
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Potential Sources of TIC/TIM
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- Water/waste water
- Chemical Plants/distributors - Warehouses - Manufacturing Facilities - Ammonia refrigeration - Power Plants - Gasoline Fueling stations - Natural Gas distribution Systems - Waterways - Railroads - Highways |
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Purpose of a TIC/TIM VA
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is to evaluate risks associated with TIC/TIM on or near Air Force Bases.
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Phases of a TIC/TIM VA
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- Preparation of an inventory
- Characterization of worst-case and alternative scenarios - Determination of potential severity of toxic releases and radioactive exposures. - Determination of probability of toxic releases and radioactive exposure. Determination of risk and ranking of scenarios. |
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Planing and Coordination
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are keys to ensuring that the assessment is carried out efficiently and according to schedule.
Must ID Lead Assessor to manage the assessment. Also ID team and assign roles and responsibilities. |
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Data Collection
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Identify all TIC/TIM that may exist around a 20 miles radius of the base.
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Analysis Phase
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TIC/TIM are evaluated to determine their potential impact to the base (screening). From this point on, the data and analysis may need to be treated as classified.
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Support Agencies Involved in TIC/TIM
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BE; OSI; SFS; CE; Safety Office; ATO
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The Four Provisions of EPCRA
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- 40 CFR300- National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Planing
- Part 350 - Trade secrecy class for emergency Planing and Community Right to know act. - Part 355 - Emergency Planning and Notification - Part 370 - Hazardous Chemical Reporting - Part 372 - Toxic Chemical Release Reporting |
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EPCRA Goal
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to aid fed era, state and local agencies in protecting the environment as well as the health and safety of the public from chemical hazards.
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Materials Covered by EPCRA
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- Extremely Hazardous Materials - any chemical that has immediate health effect
- CERCLA Hazardous Substances - any element, compound, mixture, solution and substance which when released into the environment may present a danger to public safety adn health. - Hazardous Chemicals - designated as physical or health hazards by OSHA. - Toxic Chemicals - any chemical that may cause severe illness, birth defect, diseases, or deaths and poses an environmental hazard |
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Emergency planing
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response plans contains information that community officials can use at the time of a chemical accident. covered under section 303.
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CERCLA Emergency plans must:
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- ID facilities and transportation routes of extremely hazardous substances.
- Describe emergency response procedures, on and off site. - designate a community coordinator to implement the plan - Outline emergency notification procedures - Describe how to determine the probable affected area and population by accidental chemical release. - Describe local emergency equipment and facilities and the persons responsible for them. - Outline evacuations plans. - Provide training and program for emergency responders - Provide methods and schedules for exercising emergency response. |
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State Emergency Response Commision (SERC's)
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is the overall agency responsible for breaking the stae up into local emergency planing regions.
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Local Emergency Planing Committees (LEPC's)
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Establish local emergencies plans for the reins. Components are:
- Local officials - Law enforcements - EMT's and Hospital, environmental and transportation pro's - Industrial Plants leadership |
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Emergency release notification
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facilities must immediately notify the LEPC and the SERC is there is a release into the environment of a hazardous substance that is equal to or exceeds the minimum reportable quantity
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Failure to notify to LEPC and SERC
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$75K per day.
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Community Right to know requirements
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- Report how much is stored
- Under Section 312 need to inform Tier I and II chemical forms - |
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Who is covered by Toxic Release Inventory Law Section 313?
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facilities that have 10 or more full-time employees; that manufactures process, or otherwise use listed toxic chemical above the threshold quantities.
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BE responsibilities under CERCLA
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- Support HAZMAT planing functions
- Participate in planning meetings and assisi]t CE, Safety, Fire, Emergency Management and others in preparation for HAZMAT emergency response. - Hazard ID, Vulnerability Analysis, Capabilities Assessment, Risk Management Responses. |
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Substance Specific Standards
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Most of them are found in 29CFR1910 subpart Z
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Where in base you can found these chemicals
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Medical Lab, Vehicle Maintenance, Fuels/Fuels Systems, Avionics, Asbestos abatement teams, Shops that apply/remove paints etc.
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Requirements of Expanded Standards:
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Applicable PEL; exposure monitoring requirements; establishment of regulated areas; methods of compliance; control methods; warning signs; worker training; worker notification; record keeping and documentation.
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Regulated Areas
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area limiting access to a work area where specific hazardous chemicals exceed allowable exposure limits.
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Regulated area requirements
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- Must be clearly identified
- must be delineated and segregated - have access control - Daily roster of authorized personnel entering the area - Supervisor must ensure worker don't eat or drink etc. in area - workers potentially exposed must be monitored IAW OSHA |
