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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Some non-DoD publications that direct action within the Air Force are:
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"- Excecutive Orders
- Public Laws - Agencies of the Federal Government - National Institute of Standards and Technology Publications" |
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Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) affecting BEE Job:
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Title 10 Energy - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Tittle 29 Labor - Protecting human health and welfare related to the workplace. Title 40 Environment Protection - Mainly Environmental Protection regulations. Title 49 Transportation - Transortation and Cargo Transportation." |
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"Secretary of Defense issues Policies for guidance and instructions to the DoD components to meet requirements through:
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DoD Directives - broad policy documents containing what is required by statue.
DoD Instruction - Implementsv the policy or prescribe the manner or a specific plan of action. DoD Manual - Implements r supplements DoD Directives and Instructions by providing uniform procedures." |
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Air Force Publications:
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the only approved way for issuing official Air Force poicy or guidance.
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AF Policy Directive:
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"are orders of the Secretary of the Air Force. They direct action, ensure compliance, and / or give detailed procedures to standardize actions Ar Force wide."
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AF Manuals (AFMAN):
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"Ussually are extensions fo Instructions, providing additional guidance for performing standard tasks, or supporting education and training programs."
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AF Pamphlets (AFPAM):
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"Are informational, ""how to"" publications, providing additional guidance for performing standard task, or supporting education and training."
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Supplements (AFSUP):
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are publications that extend or add material to publications issued by higher headquarters or agencies.
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Installation Publication:
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Installation commanders have the authority to issue installation publications that affect installation personnel.
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Operating Instructions (OI):
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"assigns responsibilities, direct actions and prescribes procedures within the subordinate function (i.e., staff office, a branch or a flight"
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"AirForce Occuaptional
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Safety and Health Standard (AFOSH Std)","AFOSH Std supplements regualtory agency standards. They are created only when Federal Standards do not exhist or do not covers a subject adequately"
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AF Instruction series that apply to BEE Job
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"10 Series - Operations
32 Series - Civil Engineering 40 Series - Medical Command 48 Series - Aerospace Medicine 90 Series - Special Management 91 Series - Safety" |
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Technical Orders (TO):
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are critical elements in the maintenance and operation of AF assets. Step by step procedures.
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T.O.'s BEE may need to review:
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"00-series - Methods and Procedures
11-series - Armament Equipment 14-series - Deceleration Devices Personal and Survival Equipment 33-series - Test Equipment" |
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Other Agencies Publications:
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"ACGIH - TLV's Book
AIHA NIOSH - NIOSH Pocket Book ANSI - publishes concensus standards of allowable concentrations for chemical and physical agents. US Army Public Health Command - Military Exposure Guidelines (MEG)" |
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Workplace:
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is an environment where a potential OEH exposure may occur.
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The types of Workplaces are:
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"- Administrative
- Industrial - All encompassing" |
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Process:
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"- item of work or situation that may pose a risk and may require evaluation and control
- the lowest level of work that may require evaluation to assess exposure and associated controls." |
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"Environmental Safety and Health (ESOH):
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,Aspects/activities focused on promotion of safety, protection of human health and protection and restoration of the environment.
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Occupational and Environmental Health (OEH):
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"All activities realted to prevention OEH-related illnesses for DoD personnel. Includes but not limited to: Industrial Hygiene, ergonomics, epidemiology, hearing conservation, radiation protection"
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OEH Hazards are:
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"any chemical, biological, or physical health hazard."
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Occupational and Environmental Exposure Limit (OEEL):
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limits of exposures to protect personnel from hazardous OEH exposures.
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OEH Related Ilness or Injury:
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A suspected or comfirmed adverse health event caused or aggravated by employment.
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Longitudinal Exposure Record (LER):
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A comprehensive record fo all occupational and environmental exposure for a full working lifetime; applies to all DoD personnel.
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OEH Hazards are:
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"Environmental factors or stressors that can cause illness, injury, or death like Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Physical.
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Chemical Hazards:
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"excessive airborne concentration of gases, vapors, or mists, or solids in the form of dust or fumes."
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Biological Hazards:
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are living organisms or properties of organisms that can cause and adverse response in humans.
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Radiological Hazards:
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"Recognizable forms of energy are radio and television waves, infrared forn the sun, or x-rays for medical diagnostics.
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Radiological hazards can be found in:
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aircraft maintenance calibration laboratories, and communication facilities. Can also be produced by nuclear detonations and radiological diepersion devices."
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Physical Hazards:
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"this includes noise, temperature extremes, and ergonomics."
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Purpose of OEH Program
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is to portect health while enhancing combat and operational capabilities.
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OEH Process Assessment provides the frame work to:
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"Prioritize assessments efforts on operations posing the greatest risks.
Recommend and evaluate the effectiveness of control options designed to minimize OEH related exposure. Document OEH exposures to ensure an accurate LER is created and maintained for all USAF personnel. Ensure commanders comply with applicable Federal, State, Host-Nation, and local regulations, standards and requirements, as applicable." Process assesment uses the DoD Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment Model to prioritize assessment of workplace health hazards. |
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Routine Assessment:
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"are designed to be short-duration, sufficient enough to identify potential health hazards and associated risks, categorize the workplace, and identify the need for prioritize, and schedule in depth (special assessments."
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Periodic Assessments steps or requirements:
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"BE will identity : Potential OEH risks, Data required to characterize these risks, Additional evaluations needed to obtain the required data, Existing hazard controls, Compliance with OEH Program and regulatory requirements."
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Special Assessment
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is typically a quantitative assessment of OEH hazards that requires additional evaluation or classification.
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Special assessments principles are:
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"quantifying paotential exposures identified during routine assessments, Performing periodic control device evaluations (ventilation surveys), Evaluating unscheduled requests, Providing follow-up action on recommendations, Sustaining compliance with regulatory requirements (garrison only)."
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OEH Program is a Team Effort
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BEE, PH, Safety
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Bioenvironmental Engineering
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"evaluates continuing and planned processes to ensure that personnel are provided a safe and healthful work environment, BE's role is one of continual observation, evaluation and communication."
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BE's specific resposibilities within the OEH Program are:
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"- Communicating Risk
- Categorizing workplace - Identify Similar exposure group - Recommend OEH Hazards controls - Accomplishing OEH risk assessments - Investigating proposed process changes that could result in a new OEH hazards. - Investigating proposed process changes that could result in a new OEH hazards. - Assiting commanders and supervisors with managing OEH Hazards. - Evaluating risk related to environmental health issues that could result in adverse health outcomes. - Conducting OEHSA's - Ensuring ESOH-MIS listing of chemicals on site matches what BE finds on site. - Assessing and documenting OEH related illnesses identified by PH. - Providing Emergency Management incident response. - Providing consultation on OEH Program compliance. - Communicating exposure data to the Ocupational Environmental Health Working Group. - Serving os the OEH Program liaison to appropriate regulatory authorities e.g., OSHA as required." |
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Installation Occupational & Environmental Health Working Group (OEHWG)
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Is a council of OEH personnel that meets to discuss and provide technical advice on occupational and environmental health issues such as: workplace categorization, process assessment results, medical examination recommendations, and proposed occupational health education.
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Members of the OEHWG are:
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- Installation OEH medical consultant
- Bioenvironmental Engineering - Occupational Medicine - Public Health |
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Who else can participate of OEHWG meet ins?
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- Base Safety
- Health Promotions - civilian representatives - union representative |
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Public Health (PH)
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Works to reduce the incidence of communicable diseases and occupational illnesses. PH provides consultation to the OEHWG on medical examinations, training, requirements and risk communication.
Also manages the Fetal Protection Program. |
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Unit Commanders:
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ensure compliance with all OEH program requirements within their unit.
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Workplace Supervisor:
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- Implement controls to mitigate risk
- Ensure PPE is available and used and maintained correctly. - Inform BE if a change to workplace equipment or procedures may impact exposure to OEH hazards. - Ensure workplace personnel receives baseline and periodic OEH medical examinations. - conduct and document required OEH hazard training. |
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Employee will:
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- Comply with OEH program requirements, including training
- Report changes that may impact exposure to OEH hazards to the appropriate supervisor. - Actively participate in workplace health hazard identification - Report any occupational related exposure or health condition to supervisor and medical authority. |
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Safe Drinking Water Act
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the main federal law that ensures the quality of drinking water.
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Occupational Safety and Health Act
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was enacted to "assure safe and healthful working environment for working men and women".
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Types of OEELs
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- Regulatory
- Authoritative - Internal - Working |
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Regulatory OEELS
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enforced by regulatory agencies like EPA, OSHA, and Nuclear Regulatory Agency and are legally binding.
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Authoritative OEELS
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are those set and recommended by non-regulatory organizations such as the ACGIH, NIOSH and AIHA
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Internal OEELS
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those set by service organizations and support agencies such as USAPHC and USAFSAM to support surveillance of OEH hazards that are unique to military operations. (MEG's).
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Working OEELS
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are unofficial limits created in the course of performing an exposure assessment. Established when no other OEEL exist.
Working OEELS are based on whatever data is available and requires great deal of professional judgement. |
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OEELS Goal
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is to protect personnel from dangerous exposure to harmful OEH hazards that may be present in the occupational and ambient environment.
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Considerations when using OEELS
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- are not interchangeable
- varies form hazard to hazard - may not protect all people in all cases. Because individual susceptivity. - may need to be adjusted. Are designed to protect workers over a working lifetime, 8 hours,5 days, 40 years. - are developed with a target population in mind, depending on the program. |
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OEELS Uses
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- Guides in good IH practices
- Control Decisions, used to design engineering controls - Substitution - Medical Surveillance, is an important part of determining whether occupational exams are performed or not. |
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OEELS Misuses
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- Comparing Toxicity, is not possible to compare of OEH hazards based on OEELS.
- Prove of disease Causation |
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IAW AFMAN 48-155, Occupational and Environmental Health Exposure Controls
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an OEEL is the most appropriate limit adopted from established recognized standards including, but not limited to, AFI's, AFOSH Std's, and civilian agencies. BE determines the most appropriate OEEL using.
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Health Threat
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potential or actual condition that can cause short or long term injury, illness, or death.
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Health Risk
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is an IDENTIFIED health threat TOGETHER with the VULNERABILITY of the population at risk of coming into CONTACT with the health threat.
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Health Risk Assessment (HRA)
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is the process of identifying and analyzing or evaluating OEH threats in a group or at a location over time.
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Health Risk Estimate (HRE)
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is an estimate of the probability and severity of loss from exposure to the health threat.
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Health Risk Management (HRM)
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is a decision making process to evaluate and select Courses of Action (COA), minimize OEH risks, and maximize benefits for operation and missions.
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Exposure Assessment
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is a process of estimating or calculating potential expire of a health threat for an individual or population at risk
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Toxicological Assessment
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estimates the human toxicological impact of a specific material.
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ORM
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The fundamental goal is of risk management is to enhance mission effectiveness at all levels while preserving assets and safeguarding health and welfare.
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ORM Principles
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Accept no unnecessary risk.
Make risk decisions at the appropriate level. Accept risk when benefits outweigh the cost. Integrate ORM into the Air Force doctrine and planning at all levels. |
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ORM Steps
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1. ID Hazards
2. Assess the risk. 3. Analyze risk controls 4. Make Control Decisions 5. Implement Risk Control 6. Supervise and Review |
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ORM Benefits
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* Fewer Mishaps
* Additional resources due to decrease attrition rates * Increase combat effectiveness |
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ORM Benefits translate into:
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* Reduction in serious injuries and fatalities
* Reduction in material and property damages * Effective mission accomplishment * Reduction in the need for "Crisis Management" |
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HRA Goal
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is to provide the commander with concise course of action (COA) that clearly articulates potential impacts and recommendations to maximize operations and minimize health threats.
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Hazard Identification
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consist of determining what specific threats are associated with the area of operation and whether a potential or existing exposure poses a health risk to personnel.
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Health Threats include but are not limited to:
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* CBRN agents and materials
* TIC/TIM * Physical Hazards (heat stress, noise) * Animals and Plants |
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Analyze Health Threats
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At this stage of the HRA process characterizes the and the potential impact to personnel and the mission.
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Analyzing the treats includes:
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Actions such as Characterizing the Threat, Quantifying Exposures, and Estimating the Risk associated with the treat.
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Characterizing the Threat:
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entails evaluating information available on the specific agents, exposure parameters, and population at risk.
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Quantifying Exposure
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Involves measuring the threat quantitatively or qualitatively .
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Estimating the Risk:
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The Health Risk Estimate (HRE) helps the qualify the risk for decision making. The process of estimating risk uses principles adopted from ORM process. Using ORM language helps communicate in a common format which health risk may have greatest impact to personnel and mission.
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HRE Matrix
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Combines two factors: Probability and severity. Probability being the estimate of how probable the event is to occur, and severity how great will be the impact in case it happens. these two are used to calculate the probability measured as High , moderate, and low.
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Identifying Controls:
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Options for controlling or reducing the risk(s) are developed during this step of the process. If possible, multiple options that can decrease the probability or severity of a hazard should be identified and evaluated. Controls options must be feasible to support the commanders objective of successfully completing the mission.
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Make Health Control Decisions
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Commanders decide which control method to used based on BE recommendations, mission requirements, and available resources.
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Implement Health Risk Control
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Commanders seed to reduce risks and impacts on personnel and the mission by implementing the decided-upon controls and countermeasures that further the mission requirements.
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Supervise and Review
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Controls are monitored periodically to ensure they are mitigating the risk. As new information is available, health threats are re-evaluated and HRA updated.
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BE Responsibilities in the HRA/HRM Process
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BE leads the HRA execution, BE's responsibility is to complete the HRA without bias and clearly communicate the health risks and controls recommendations to decision-makers.
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Occupational and Environmental Health Site Assessment (OEHSA)
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is the key operational tool BE uses for producing data used for HRA and to satisfy OEH surveillance requirements. It provides standardized OEH framework for developing sampling strategies, selecting monitoring equipment, and collecting samples.
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OEHSA
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The OEHSA via the HRA provides the information that guides the commander's ORM decision-making. OEHSA'a focus on collecting site specific data to identify and quantify OEH threats in the workplace, also referred to as Area of Concern (AOC).
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OEHSA's Steps
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* Pre-deployment/Baseline activities
* Site Identification/Sectioning * Site reconnaissance * Conceptual Model * Initial / Specialized surveillance * Reassessment |
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Pre-deployment/Baseline activities
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Information gathering and intelligence on the site or place to be established.
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Site Identification/Sectioning
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Recall all Areas of Concern (AOC) can be large or small. It can be administrative, industrial, or all encompassing. This step focuses in establishing boundaries os the site assessment.
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Site Reconnoissance
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is the process in with assessors visually and physically observe the site, structures located on the site and the area surrounding the site for indications of impacts or potential impacts to the environment or human health and safety.
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Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
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A CSM genrally includes a written and graphical depiction of OEH threats and how people come into contact with the threats.
The Purpose of the CSM is to provide an understanding of the potential Exposure to OEH hazards at the site based on the source(s) of contamination, and the receptor(s). |
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Routine and Specialized Assessments
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Ar conducted to detect or identify ambient threats or hazards that pose a potential health threat. Additional sampling through specialized assessments may be required to better qualify the contaminates of concern and assess the health risk.
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Reassessment
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is the process of validating that previous data and assumptions remain true or have changed, the data may need to be recollected and assessed.Reassessments should be done intermittently and whenever changes have occurred on the AOC.
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BE responsibilities in the OEHSA
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* Execute OEHSA's
* Identify OEH hazards * Analyze OEH hazards * Control OEH hazards * Assist with health risk management |
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OEHSA primary objectives are:
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* Identify OEH threats and potential adverse health effects
* Collect and document OEH exposure data for the service member's Longitudinal Exposure Record (LER) * Inform commanders of health threats and risk mitigation options through HRA * Reduce or eliminate health risk and maximize operations * Prevent mission interference * Support health surveillance |
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Site Selection
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As part of site selection process, BE's role may include:
- Assist CE - Finding the best site to meet Health, Hygiene and sanitation requirements - Minimizing environmental impacts - Conducting water vulnerability assessments - Recommending the location of facilities |
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Soil composition
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is an important factor overall because the soil impacts many operations on the site. Composition of the soil can affect the digging of pit latrines and garbage trenches and the use of soakage pits, in addition to how the soil tent stakes and absorbs liquid wastes.
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Prevailing Winds
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winds can carry and deposit pollution onto the site from nearby industrial and manufacturing facilities.
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Climate/Season
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should always be considered. for example, selection of a bed down location amy be influenced if a certain area floods frequently during monsoons.
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Geography/Topography
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are important considerations in terms of a site. For example, mountains and hills can help heat off personnel and facilities.
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Water Sources
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are key factor in the selection of a site. In addition to the need for potable water the type / location of water present can cause a situation for bacterial or viral infections to spread.
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Existing Field Contamination
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look for the following signs of field contamination:
- Evidence of stressed vegetation - Dead or stressed animals - Sheen on water - Sludge deposits in water - Excessive algae growth - Obviously contaminated soils, such as oils slicks |
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Sources pf Pollutions:
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- Landfills
- Agricultural or livestock waste - Industrial waste discharges - Domestic sewage discharge points - Storm runoff discharge points |
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Potential Industrial Health Threats:
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- Fertilizer plants
- Oil refineries - Chemical plants - Nuclear Power plats - Metal Processing plants |
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Noise Pollution
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is an important consideration in site selection. Try to allow separation of cantonment with the flightline and industrial shop areas.
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