Bea Biological Hazards And Be Role

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Biological Agent

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A microorganism or toxin derived from a microorganism which causes disease in man, plants or animals or which causes deterioration of material

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Biological Warfare

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Intentional use of viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause death or disease in humans

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Pathogen

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a microorganism able to cause disease

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bloodborne pathogens

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pathogen microorganisms present in human blood and cause disease

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Other potentially infectious material (OPIM)

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1. human body fluids
2. an unfixed tissue or organ from a human
3. HIV-containing cell or cultures or other tissues from test animals

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Infection

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a microorganism is able to overcome defense barriers and live inside the host - tissue damage may or may not result

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Disease

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conditions where host tissues are damaged or function is altered by the microorganisms

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Chain of Infection:

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1. Pathogen
2. Reservoir
3. Escape from Reservoir
4. Transmission through environment
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible host

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Six conditions or links necessary for infection and illness to occur

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1. agent must be pathogenic
2. reservoir must be sufficient for breeding
3. agent must be able to escape from reservoir
4. organism must be transferable through environment
5. must be a portal of entry into host
6. new host must be susceptible to the agent

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Routes of entry for Biological Health Threats

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1. Inhalation
2. Ingestion
3. Injection
4. Absorption via dermal contact

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Categories of microbiological organisms

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1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Toxins
4. Other (fungii, parasites and prions)

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Methods of Biological Organism transmission

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1. contact
2. vector-borne
3. airborne

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bloodborne pathogen program (BPP)

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CFR 1910.1030 OSHA standard requires an Exposure Control Plan (if workers are occupationally exposed) with annual reviews

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Exposure Control Plan

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1. determine who is potentially exposed
2. Hep B vaccination
3. post-exposure incident procedures
4. training of staff
5. handling of regulated waste
6. engineering and work practice controls
7. PPE (personal protective equipment)

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engineering controls examples

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needleless devices, sheilded needle devices, plastic capilarry tubes

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work practice control examples

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procedures for handling sharps, eliminating hand-to-hand instrument passing in OR

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Infection Control Committee - BE Role

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1. BE is member (for MTF)
2. annual review/update of Exposure Control Plan
3. may review Exposure Control plans in other workplaces

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engineering controls and PPE (BE Role)

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1. recommending / reviewing
2. regularly scheduled inspections
3. regulated waste (BE role) not normally a BE responsibility. BE may be involved for deployed locations where contractors are not available

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Teburculosis (TB)

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bacterial infection usually impacting lungs, may impact other parts such as kidney, spine and brain.
Fatal,
airborne transmission.
Drug-resistent strains are Cat C.

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TB infection control program - objectives and controls

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1. ensure prompt detection
2. airborne precautions
3. treatment of infected persons
4. reviewed periodically
5. evaluated for effectiveness

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TB Infection control program - components

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1. environmental controls
2. administrative controls
3. respiratory protection

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TB Infection control program - BE Role

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1. Infection Control Committee
2. TB Screening program
3. Respiratory protection
4. Engineering Controls
5. ________________
TB Infection Control Committee - BE Role 1. Member
2. Review overall plan
3. assess and make recommendation for respiratory protection, ventilation and adequacy of environmental controls

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TB screening program - BE Role

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Based on risk assessment - BE may/may not participate in TB screening program

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Respiratory Protection - BE role

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BE is responsible for the respiratory protection program (CFR 1910.134) including selection, training and fit-testing of workers

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Engineering Controls - BE role

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BE may assess local exhaust ventilation systems, determine airflow patterns, air exchange rates, and negative pressure.

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Biological Warfare Agent Categories

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Cat A - highest priority risk
Cat B - second highest risk
Cat C - third highest priority

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Cat A Agents - criteria

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1. easily spread
2. high death rates
3. public panic
4. require special action

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Cat B Agents - criteria

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1. moderatly easy to spread
2. moderate illness rates and low death rates
3. requires enhanced CDC lab capabilities

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Cat C Agents - criteria

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1. emerging pathogens may be engineered for mass production
2. easily available
3. easily produced and spread
4. potential high morbidity and mortality rates

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Cat A Agents - examples

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smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, tularaemia, Filoviruses, Ebola Hemorrhagic fever, Marburg Hemorrhagic fever, Arenaviruses, Lassa fever, Junin (Argentine Hemorrhagic fever)

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Cat B agents - examples

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Q fever, brucellosis, glanders, Alphaviruses, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis, equine encephalomyelitis, Ricin toxin from castor beans, epsilon toxin, Staph B

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Cat C Agents - examples

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Nipah virus, Hantaviruses, Tickborne hemorrhagic fever, tickborne encephalitis viruses, yellow fever, multi-drug resistant TB

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Characteristics of Biological Warfare Agents

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1. Low Agent Requirement - as little as 1 to 20 microorganisms
2. Large Area Coverage - thousands of square Km with one aerosol truck
3. Affected by Weather - conditions can help or hinder attack
4. Delayed Effects - victims may be unaware of attack for several days
5. Pervasive (easily spread) - can be carried into dug-in positions, fortifications and other non-air-tight structures
6. Nondestructive to living things - equipment is unharmed - a plus for attacker
7. Difficult to detect -usually undetectable by 5 senses
8. Easy to produce - low cost for high casualties
9. Broad range of effects - GI upset, respiratory, varying severity, bleeding, nerve damage

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Weather conditions that affect Biological Warfare Agents

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1. Sunlight - can harm agents. most attacks will be at night twilight or when overcast.
2. Relative Humidity - high humidity affects 'dry' agents, low humidity is impacts 'wet' agents
3. Wind - 12-30 km/h most effective

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Methods of Biological Warfare Agent delivery and dissemination

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1.aerosols
2. liquid droplets
3. dry powders
4. contamination of food/water supplies
5. direct injection
6. vector-borned methods

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Facts about Aerosol dissemination

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most effective method - especially for inhalation
particles 0.5 to 10 microns remain suspended for long periods of time and deposit effectivly into lungs

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Facts about Aerosol generators as Bio warfare agent delivery systems

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easily constructed
examples: aircraft spray tanks
boat or truck-mounted aerosol generators
potential secondary impacts with contaminated surfaces
usually enters via inhalation, but also absorption

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facts about explosives as Bio warfare agent delivery systems

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inefficient (1-2%)
heat inactivates most agents
wide range of particle sizes (uncontrollable)

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Favorable conditions for aerosol dissemination

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1. pre-dawn hours
2. Inversion conditions - agent cloud can travel along land surface
3. flat terrain - allows aerosol to spread
4. Wind < 20 mph - allows even spreading

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Facts about Dry form delivery methods as Bio warfare agent delivery systems

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1. letter
2. open container in HVAC - uses HVAC to carry powder
3. open container outdoors - uses wind to carry powder
4. drop from airplane - uses wind to carry powder

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Facts about contamination of food/water as Bio warfare agent delivery systems

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one of most vulnerable vehicles for attack
used against limited targets
contrators present risks
most effective on prepared and raw foods
attack on water would be after treatment
off-base supply adds risk

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Facts about direct injection as a Bio Warfare Agent dissemination method

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not likely for mass casualties
ideal for assassinations
beware umbrellas :)

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facts about vector-borned dissemination methods

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example vectors: mosquitoes, flies, fleas, ticks, lice
can be produced in large numbers
can circumvent Mission-Oriented Protective Postures (MOPP)gear with bites
attackers have little control of vectors after release