Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
304 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sands and gravels
|
-low plasticity soil
-relatively high bearing capacity -good for foundations -good for drainage |
|
silt
|
-sedimentary soil
-behaves as granular material does, but can be slightly plastic -may be adequate for a foundation if tested to be stable, but better when mixed with other soils |
|
clay
|
-cohesive (has tensile strength) soil
-plastic when wet -unpredictable -may be adequate for a foundation if tested to be stable, but better when mixed with other soils |
|
organics
|
-vegetable/other decomposed matter
-poor base for a foundation |
|
hardpan
|
unbroken mixture of clay, sand, and gravel; good for foundations
|
|
shale, slate
|
soft rock; second-highest bearing capacity
|
|
boulders
|
rocks that have broken off of bedrock
|
|
bedrock
|
solid rock that forms the earth's crust; highest bearing capacity
|
|
grain size and shape (soil test result)
|
in a soil test, determines shear strength, permeability, likely result of frost action, and compaction ability of granular soil
|
|
liquid and plastic limits (soil test result)
|
in a soil test, determines compaction and compressibility values for cohesive soil
|
|
specific gravity (soil test result)
|
in a soil test, determines void ratio (and therefore compressibility) of the soil
|
|
unconfined compression (soil test result)
|
in a soil test, this value helps measure shear strength for cohesive soil
|
|
water content (soil test result)
|
in a soil test, this value is used to get compressibility and compaction values for cohesive soil
|
|
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
|
comprised of major divisions and subdivisions of soil types based on grain size and laboratory tests of physical characteristics; provides standardized names and symbols
|
|
drainage
|
soil treatment method that can increase the strength of the soil and prevent hydrostatic pressure
|
|
fill
|
soil treatment method that replaces unsuitable soil with soil, sand, or gravel
|
|
compaction
|
soil treatment method used to achieve 90-100% of the optimum Proctor density and 2-4% of the optimum moisture contact
|
|
densification
|
a type of on-site compaction, using a variety of techniques such as vibration, dropping of heavy weights, or pounding piles into the ground to fill the voids with sand; specific techniques depend on the grain size of the soil
|
|
surcharging
|
the use of fill to preload the ground, causing settlement before building
|
|
mixing
|
an alternative to the complete removal and replacement of the soil; a layer of sand or gravel is placed on the less stable soil, then integrated with existing soil to help it achieve required bearing capacity
|
|
earthwork
|
general term that includes both excavation and modification of the site's contours
|
|
excavation
|
removal of soil to allow construction of foundations and other permanent fixtures below grade
|
|
trenching
|
a relatively narrow, long excavation for piping or narrow footings or foundation walls
|
|
rough grading
|
modification of contours within 6-12" of the desired level
|
|
finish grading
|
final moving of soil (prior to landscaping or paving) within 1" of the desired level
|
|
underpinning
|
a shoring method to temporarily support existing foundations while they are being repaired, strengthened, or extended
|
|
water table
|
the level below which the soil is saturated with groundwater
|
|
formwork
|
the system of boards, ties, and bracing required to construct the mold for wet concrete
|
|
form ties
|
metal wires or rods used to hold opposite sides of the form together and to prevent their collapase
|
|
slip form
|
moves as the concret cures; used to form continuous surfaces such as tunnels and high-rise building cores
|
|
flying form
|
a large fabricated section of framework which can be removed and reused in forming an identical section above
|
|
capillary action
|
water is drawn up through the slab through the forces of adhesion, surfaces tension, and cohesion
|
|
vapor barrier
|
thin sheet material (generally plastic) designed to prevent water vapor from passing through it
|
|
vapor retarder
|
a thin sheet material only slows the rate of water vapor transmission; plays a role in the effectiveness of insulating materials
|
|
permeance
|
a measure of a material's resistance to water-vapor transmission
|
|
perm
|
the passage of one grain of water vapor per hour through one square foot of material at a pressure differential of one inch of mercury between the two sides of the material
|
|
rebar grades
|
yield strength in kips per square inch; most common are 40 and 60
|
|
welded wire fabric
|
consists of cold-drawn steel wires in a 4-6" square pattern; used for temperature reinforcement in slabs
|
|
portland cement
|
the binding agent in concrete; made from lime, silica, iron oxide, and alumina
|
|
standard cement/normal cement
|
Type I cement; used for most general construction
|
|
modified cements
|
Type II cement; used in places where a modest amount of sulfate resistance is needed and where the heat of hydration needs to be controlled (ex: dams or other massive structures)
|
|
high-early-strength cement
|
Type III cement; used where a quick set or a higher heat of hydration (suitable for cold weather)
|
|
low-heat cement
|
Type IV cement; used in massive structures to minimize cracking and very slow setting
|
|
sulfate-resisting cement
|
Type V cement; used for structures that will be exposed to water or soil with a high alkaline content
|
|
hydration
|
the chemical hardening of concrete
|
|
laitance
|
a chalky surface deposit of low-strength concrete, which must be removed before pouring additional concrete in order for it to bond properly
|
|
design strength
|
the compressive strength of concrete after it has cured and hardened 28 days
|
|
admixtures
|
chemicals or other materials added to concrete to speed hydration, slow hardening, improve workability, add color, improve durability, or otherwise impart certain qualities
|
|
air-entraining agent
|
admixture that forms tiny bubbles in the concrete to increase workability and durability of concrete, while improving its resistance to freeze/thaw cycles
|
|
accelerator
|
admixture that speeds up the hydration of the cement, helping the concrete achieve its strength faster
|
|
plasticizer
|
admixture that reduces the amount of water needed to maintain the required consistency for placement/compaction of the concrete, allowing higher strength
|
|
retarder
|
admixture that slows down the setting time to help reduce the heat of hydration
|
|
waterproofing
|
admixture that decreases the permeability of the concrete
|
|
fly ash
|
waste material from coal-fired power plants; used as an admixture to increase strength, decrease permeability, reduce temperature rise, increase sulfate resistance, and improve workability
|
|
carbon fiber concrete
|
uses epoxy-coated carbon fiber mesh (instead of standard steel mesh), which allows thinner and lighter precast panels
|
|
slump test
|
on-site test which measures the consistency of concrete
|
|
cylinder test
|
concrete test which measures compressive strength
|
|
core cylinder test
|
concrete test used to test the compressive strength of concrete after a portion of the structure is already in place and cured
|
|
remie
|
a long, cylindrical steel chute that allows concrete to be placed underwater
|
|
segregation
|
the separation of the aggregates, water, and sand in a concrete mixture
|
|
honeycombing
|
the formation of airpockets within the concrete
|
|
rough form finish
|
concrete finish which shows the pattern of the formwork and its joints
|
|
smooth form finish
|
concrete finish with joints and tie holes planned out to be aligned and/or symmetrical
|
|
strike off
|
first step in the process of finishing a concrete slab, in which a metal or wood straightedge is drawn across the forms to give the concrete a roughly level surface
|
|
float
|
process used to finish a concrete slab that requires a smooth finish, in which a wood or magnesium trowel is used to bring cement paste to the surface, which is then consolidated and smoothed over the coarse aggregate
|
|
control joints
|
concrete joint which creates a weak section in the concrete to cause normal temperature/stress cracking to occur along the joint rather than at random
|
|
construction joints
|
concrete joint that occurs whenever there is a new pour against a cured section of concrete; should be located at points of minimum shear and protected against water leakage
|
|
expansion joints
|
complex concrete joints which allow entire sections to move independently of one another; capable of moving in two directions
|
|
isolation joints
|
concrete joints which allow two adjacent sections to move independently of one another by separating two different concrete pours with a premolded joint material
|
|
weld plates
|
steel plates cast flush with the surface of the concrete, used to attach steel members
|
|
concrete sealers
|
proprietary products applied to concrete to protect against weather/water penetration, provide chemical resistance, prevent dusting of the surface, or harden the surface; coating or penetrating
|
|
bond breaker
|
a liquid solution or plastic sheet used to prevent the wall panel from sticking to the casting surface
|
|
pre-tensioned concrete slab
|
high-strength cable is draped within the forms and a tensile force is applied; after the concrete is poured and cures, the cables are cut
|
|
post-tensioned concrete slab
|
steel tendons in hollow sleeves/conduits are placed in the forms; concrete is poured and cures, after which the tendons are stressed with hydraulic jacks
note: in bonded construction, sleeves are then removed |
|
mortar
|
a mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water
|
|
masonry cement
|
portland cement and pulverized limestone; it's less costly and more plastic (but less strong) than portland cement
|
|
M, S, N, and O
|
four basic types of mortar, each with a different proportion of cement, lime, and aggregate, and a different compressive strength
|
|
grout
|
a mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water mixed to a pouring consistency; used to fill wall cavities or cores of hollow masonry units and to bond masonry to reinforcement
|
|
facing brick
|
a type of brick used for exposed locations where appearance and uniformity of size are important
|
|
building brick or common brick
|
a type of brick made without regard to color or special finish
|
|
standard brick size
|
3-5/8" x 7-5/8" x 2-1/4"
3 courses = 8" |
|
Roman brick size
|
3-5/8" x 11-5/8" x 1-5/8"
2 courses = 4" |
|
Norman brick size
|
3-5/8" x 11-5/8" x 2-1/4"
3 courses = 8" |
|
course
|
a continuous horizontal layer of masonry
|
|
wythe
|
a continuous vertical section of masonry, one unit in thickness
|
|
concave, flush, and vee joints
|
three types of mortar joints recommended for exterior use because they shed water more effectively
|
|
control joints
|
masonry joints designed to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction
|
|
efflorescence
|
a white, crystalline deposit of water-soluble salts on the surface of brick masonry, which is drawn out by water seeping into the masonry and appears when the water evaporates; not harmful to the brick
|
|
tuck pointing or repointing
|
in brick restoration, the process of restoring deteriorated mortar
|
|
unit masonry
|
general term for any of the types of building products assembled with mortar
|
|
structural clay tile
|
a masonry unit made from burned clay formed into hollow units with parallel cells
|
|
terra cotta or ceramic veneer
|
a high-fired clay unit used for cladding and/or decoration
|
|
cast stone
|
precast concrete building product made to simulate natural stone, comprised of portland cement, sand, and light aggregates
|
|
stone
|
quarried pieces of rock
|
|
igneous rock
|
a type of rock formed from the solidification of molten rock (ex: granite)
|
|
sedimentary rock
|
a type of rock consisting of consolidated products of rock disintegration, sea shells, and various clays and silts (ex: sandstone, limestone)
|
|
metamorphic rock
|
a type of rock that has been altered by pressure or the intrusion of molten rock (ex: marble, slate)
|
|
rubble
|
stone with little or no shaping
|
|
squared stone
|
stone with slightly shaped edges resulting in vertical joints
|
|
ashlar or cut stone
|
highly shaped thick-cut stone
|
|
smelting
|
the process of refining the ores to extract the pure metal
|
|
alloys
|
metals combined with other substances to impart desirable characteristics (ex: steel with chromium and metal to make it corrosion resistance)
|
|
fabrication
|
the process of forming and shaping refined metal into the desired condition
|
|
casting
|
molten metal is poured into a form where it is allowed to cool and harden into the desired shape
|
|
rolling
|
the process of passing metal through rollers to produce the needed shape, which can be done in hot or cold
|
|
extruding
|
the process of pushing metal through a die to form a shape
|
|
drawing
|
the process of pulling metal through a die to form a shape
|
|
welding
|
the joining of two metals by heating them above their melting point; used for structural steel
|
|
brazing
|
the joining of two metals at an intermediate temperature using a nonferrous filler metal; used for brass, bronze, and some aluminum
|
|
soldering
|
the joining of two metals using lead-based or tin-based alloy solder filler metal
|
|
galvanic action
|
the corrosion resulting when dissimilar metals come in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte such as moisture
|
|
electrolysis
|
a mild electric current is set up between the two metals, gradually corroding one while the other remains intact
|
|
wrought iron
|
iron with low carbon content (less than .3%) and a substantial amount of slag
|
|
cast iron
|
iron with a carbon content above 2%, making it very hard and brittle
|
|
ductility
|
property that allows steel to withstand excessive deformations due to high tensile stresses without failure
|
|
stainless steel
|
a steel alloy containing at least 11% chromium, and usually nickel
|
|
weathering steel
|
steel alloy that contains a small amount of copper, which develops a protective oxide coating
|
|
anodizing process
|
an electrochemical process that deposits an integral coating on the metal
|
|
terneplate
|
stel sheet covered with an alloy of 75% lead and 25% tin for roofing
|
|
architectural mesh
|
a specialty metal formed by "weaving"thin strips of metal or heavy wire, then grinding off a portion of one face to reveal a highly textured but relatively flat surface
|
|
rough carpentry
|
structural framing, sheathing, blocking, etc.; includes exposed lumber, like heavy timber beams
|
|
finish carpentry
|
exposed finished pieces of lumber necessary to complete a job, including trim, base, wood paneling, cabinets, and shelving
|
|
softwood
|
wood from coniferous trees, such as fir, spruce, and pine
|
|
hardwood
|
wood from deciduous trees, such as oak, walnut, and maple
|
|
lumber strength
|
a property of lumber dependent on the direction of the load relative to the direction of the wood's grain
|
|
knot
|
a wood defect caused by cutting through a branch or limb embedded in the tree
|
|
check
|
a separation of the wood fibers across or through the growth rings as a result of improper seasoning
|
|
pitch pocket
|
an open area between growth rings containing resin
|
|
shake
|
a lengthwise separation of wood that occurs between or through growth rings
|
|
split
|
a separation of wood fibers extending completely through a piece of lumber, usually at the ends
|
|
wane
|
the presence of bark or absence of on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber
|
|
warp
|
any variation from a true or plane surface in lumber
|
|
bow
|
a lumber defect in which the deviation is parallel to the length of the lumber in line with the lumber's flat side
|
|
crook
|
a lumber defect in which the deviation is parallel to the length of the lumber perpendicular to the flat side of the piece
|
|
cup
|
a lumber defect in which the deviation is along the width of the board
|
|
American Lumber Standards Committee
|
an association that established the standard rules for lumber grading
|
|
yard lumber
|
a class of softwood lumber used for structural purposes and rough framing
|
|
factory/shop lumber
|
a class of softwood lumber used for making door frames, windows, and finish items
|
|
boardfoot
|
measure of quantity of lumber equal to a piece of 12" wide x 12" long x 1" thick
|
|
moisture content
|
the weight of water in wood as a fraction of the weight of oven-dry wood
|
|
fiber saturation point
|
in wood, occurs when the cell walls are completely saturated but no water exists in the cell cavities; about 30% moisture content
|
|
dry lumber
|
the moisture content cannot exceed 19%
|
|
kiln dry lumber
|
the moisture content cannot exceed 15%
|
|
plywood
|
sheets of thin veneer glued together to form a rigid panel
|
|
plywood span rating
|
a measure of the strength and stiffness of the plywood parallel to the face grain
|
|
plywood veneer grades
|
a measure of the quality of plywood face veneer:
-N (natural) -A (smooth and paintable) -B (plugged knotholes, but smooth) -C (small knotholes and some splits) -D (larger knotholes) |
|
sheathing
|
thin panel material attached to framing to provide lateral support, increase rigidity, and provide a base for applying exterior finishes
|
|
oriented strand board
|
engineered wood panel product manufactured from precision-cut wood strands
|
|
hardboard
|
a wood panel product composed of inter-felted fiber-consolidated under heat and pressure
|
|
medium-density fiberboard
|
a wood panel product made from wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure
|
|
blocking
|
wood framing installed between main structural members to provide extra rigidity or to provide a base for nailing other materials
|
|
bridging
|
in wood framing, bracing between joists that prevents the joist from buckling under load
|
|
firestops
|
barriers installed in concealed spaces of combustible construction to prevent the spread of fire caused by drafts
|
|
plywood web joists
|
fabricated wood I-beams, made of a plywood or OSB web piece fitted into grooves of chord members made of solid wood or laminated veneer lumber
|
|
laminated veneer lumber/thin glued-laminated framing
|
lumber fabricated by gluing thin veneers of lumber together to build up a strong, rigid, dimensionally stable framing member than can be used like solid framing lumber
|
|
wood trusses
|
factory-made assemblies consisting of relatively small wood members held together with toothed plate connectors
|
|
structural insulated panel (SIP)
|
composite building unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material
|
|
glued-laminated wood (glulam)
|
manufactured heavy timbers built up from a number of individual pieces of lumber glued together and finished under factory conditions for structural use
|
|
redwood
|
a type of wood that has naturally occurring resin that makes it resistant to moisture and insect attack
|
|
creosote
|
a wood preservative that is distillate of coal tar used to protect against insects; insoluble in water; mainly used on railroad ties, marine timbers, and roadway guard posts, but not in building applications
|
|
oil-borne preservatives, like pentachlorophenol (penta)
|
a wood preservative used to treat utility poles, water pilings, and bridge timbers; sometimes used on long-span glulams, but otherwise not used i building applications
|
|
waterborne preservatives, like ammoniacal copper quaternary (alkaline copper quat), copper azole, and sodium borate
|
a wood preservative commonly used in residential/commercial/industrial buildings; clean, odorless, and nonstaining
|
|
heartwood
|
a classification of finish lumber specifying wood from the center of the tree
|
|
sapwood
|
a classification of finish lumber specifying wood from the perimeter of the tree
|
|
plain sawing
|
the most efficient and least expensive method of sawing lumber; results in a "cathedral" grain pattern
|
|
quartersawing
|
a method of sawing lumber produced by cutting the log into quarters, then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line; results in a grain that is generally vertical and tends to twist/cup/shrink less and generally has fewer defects
|
|
rift sawing
|
a method of sawing lumber produced by cutting the log into quarters, then sawing radially to the center of the tree; results in a consistent vertical grain, but more expensive than alternate methods
|
|
rotary slicing
|
a type of veneer cut in which the log is mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife, peeling a continuous layer with a pronounced grain pattern off; produces the most veneer with the least waste
|
|
half-round slicing
|
a type of veneer cut in which the log is cut in half and cut slightly across the annual growth rings
|
|
rift slicing
|
a type of veneer cut in which a quarter-log is cut at about a 15-degree angle to the growth rings, resulting in a straight-grain pattern; often used with oak
|
|
scrribe piece
|
an oversized piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall
|
|
stiles
|
vertical frame pieces
|
|
rails
|
horizontal frame pieces
|
|
high-pressure decorative laminate
|
a thin-sheet laminate made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resin, overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin, then placed in a hot press and put under high pressure which makes the layers fuse together
|
|
thermoset decorative paneling / low-pressure laminate / melamine
|
a laminate product made by fusing a decorative overlay from a thermoset polyester or melamine resin-impregnated saturated sheet onto a cellulosic substrate (like particleboard or MDF)
|
|
solid surfacing
|
generic term for homogeneous, polymerized surfacing materials
|
|
lacquer
|
woodwork finish which has a high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in a volatile solvent
|
|
varnish
|
woodwork finish which consists of various types of resinous materials dissolved in one of several types of volatile liquids
|
|
polyurethane
|
synthetic woodwork finish that gives a hard, durable finish with excellent water, chemical, and abrasion resistance; difficult to repair or refinish
|
|
dampproofing
|
the control of moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure
ex: concrete admixtures, bituminous coatings, cementitious coatings, membranes (though this is usually overkill), plastic coatings (above grade) |
|
waterproofing
|
the control of moisture and water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure
ex: waterstops, bentonite panels, positive slope, geotextile matting (to alleviate hydrostatic pressure) |
|
conduction
|
the flow of heat within a material or between materials without displacement of the particles of the materials
|
|
convection
|
the transfer of heat within a fluid, either gas or liquid, by the movement of the fluid from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature
|
|
radiation
|
the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from onesurface to a colder surface
|
|
British thermal unit (Btu)
|
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lbm of water by 1°F
|
|
R-value
|
the resistance of a material; the number of hours needed for 1 Btu to pass through 1 ft²
|
|
thermal drift
|
the change of a foam insulation's resistance (R-value) due to changes in cell gas composition from diffusion of air into the foam cells
|
|
loose-fill insulation
|
insulation produced as shreds, granules, or nodules which can be poured or blown into spaces
ex: rock or slag wool, cellulose, fiberglass, perlite, vermiculite |
|
rock wool
|
fibrous material formed by blowing molten basalt rock (a byproduct) under pressure
|
|
slag wool
|
the most common type of insulative "wool," made from blast furnace slag (byproduct)
|
|
cellulose
|
insulation comprised of shredded wastepaper or wood fiber; chemically made fire- and fungus-resistant; 75% recycled material
|
|
fiberglass
|
loose-fill insulation made by spinning molten glass into fibers; typically 20-30% recycled material
|
|
perlite
|
insulation comprised of volcanic rock expanded by heating
|
|
vermiculite
|
insulation comprised of a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-ironsilicate; forms small worm-like pieces; may contain asbestos
|
|
batt insulation
|
insulation comprised by fibrous material placed on or within a kraft paper carrier (which doubles as a vapor retarder)
|
|
plastic fiber insulation
|
similar to batt insulation, but made from recycled plastic milk bottles achieving a similar density to fiberglass
|
|
organic board insulation
|
insulative material sandwiched between coatings of bituminous material, paper, foil, etc.
ex: wood, cane fiber, straw, perlite, cork |
|
inorganic board insulation
|
insulation made from plastics sandwiched between bituminous material, paper, foil, etc.
ex: molded or extruded expanded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, polyurethane |
|
CFCs, HCFCs
|
insulation blowing agents which were phased out by the Clean Air Act because of their ozone depletion potential; replaced by hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide
|
|
sprayed foam insulation
|
a type of insulation in which the components are mixed as it's applied, at which time they react immediately and expand to produce low-density, self-adhering foam; the base material is polyurethane or polyicynene
|
|
sprayed fiber insulation
|
a type of insulation in which the base material is mixed with an adhesive and a small amount of water to activate the adhesive; the base material may be cellulose (most common), fiberglass, and/or rock wool; must be allowed to dry thoroughly before being enclosed
|
|
radiant barrier
|
single sheet of highly reflective material, usually aluminum, that faces an open airspace used to reduce the passage of thermal radiation (usually to block summer heat gain, but sometimes used to retain heat in the winter)
|
|
insulated concrete forms (ICF)
|
system of interlocking foam insulation blocks/panels that serve as formwork for poured concrete walls and remain in place after the concrete has cured
-typically used for foundation walls -foam is usually extruded expanded polystyrene (XEPS) |
|
structural insulated panel (SIP)
|
composite building unit consisting of two outer skins bonded to an inner core of rigid insulating material, usually expanded polystyrene (EPS)
|
|
roof pitch
|
number of inches rise for ever twelve inches run
|
|
square (roofing unit of measure)
|
used in describing size, estimating, and ordering materials for roof; equal to 100 ft²
|
|
slate tile
|
roofing material laid over asphalt-saturated roofing felt, then attached with copper or galvanized nails through prepunched holes
-expensive -fire resistant -very durable (may last over 100 years!) |
|
metal roofing
|
roofing material that is durable and adaptable, but can be expensive and difficult to install; roof design must allow for expansion and contraction
|
|
ponding
|
occurs when standing water causes a flat roof to deflect a little, which allows more water to collect, which causes more deflection, and so on until the roof fails
|
|
cricket
|
saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle
|
|
scuppers / overflow drains
|
a second means of drainage with the low edge positioned above the top of the roof, in case the primary drains become clogged; usually required by building codes for flat roofs surrounded by parapets/walls
|
|
pitch pan
|
a small metal enclosure filled with bituminous material intended to protect roof projections from water; tends to leak
|
|
modified bitumen
|
single-ply membrane consisting of bitumen, a chemical additive (increases elasticity), and reinforcing fabric (adds tensile strength)
|
|
thermoset plastics
|
plastics that permanently harden once they are subjected to heat and cured
|
|
thermoplastic materials
|
plastics that can be repeatedly softened with heat and then harden again when cooled
|
|
ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)
|
thermoset roofing membrane with excellent weather/heat/fatigue resistance and sealed with adhesive or pressure-sensitive tape; only available in black and cannot be reused for roofing
|
|
chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)
|
fully adhered roofing membrane that is highly resistant to weathering; available in white
|
|
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
|
thermoplastic roofing membrane that has excellent resistance to weathering (including hail), is easy to install, and is relatively inexpensive; available in white and can be recycled
|
|
thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)
|
single-ply roofing membrane made from a bend of polypropylene and ethylene propylene; available in white and can be recycled
|
|
reinforced membranes
|
roofing membranes with more dimensional stability, tear strength, and puncture/wind load resistance; typically involves polyester or glass fibers
good choice for roofs with high wind loads and heavy foot traffic; required for membranes that are fully adhered or mechanically attached |
|
low-performance sealant
|
sealant used in joints with ~5% movement
|
|
intermediate-performance sealant
|
sealant used in joints with ~12.5% movement
|
|
high-performance sealant
|
sealant used in joints with ~25%
|
|
exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)
|
cladding assembly made up of a wet-applied cementitious finish over a rigid insulation board attached to building sheathing
|
|
hinge jamb
|
the door jamb where the hinge or pivot is installed
|
|
strike side / strike jamb
|
the door jamb where the door closes
|
|
flush door
|
door type with a single, smooth surface on both sides
|
|
sash door
|
door type containing one or more glass lites
|
|
louvered door
|
door type containing an opening with metal slats to provide ventilation
|
|
hollow metal door
|
steel door, constructed with faces of cold-rolled sheet steel attached to honeycomb kraft paper, steel ribs, hardboard, or other materials and edged with steel channels
|
|
hollow-core door
|
wood door type made up of one or three plies of veneer on each side of a cellular cardboard interior and a solid-wood stiles-and-rails frame; no fire-resistance capabilities
|
|
solid-core door
|
wood door type made up of veneer on each side of a particleboard, stave core (solid blocks of wood), or mineral core interior; used for fire-resistance properties
|
|
glass doors / all-glass doors
|
door type constructed of glass with fittings, but no frame; cannot be fire-rated
|
|
full-mortise
|
most common type of hinge, with both leaves mortised into the door and frame
|
|
half-mortise
|
type of hinge with one leaf attached to the face of the frame and the other mortised into the door
|
|
half-surface
|
type of hinge with one leaf attached to the face of the door and the other mortised into the frame
|
|
full-surface
|
type of hinge with both leaves attached to the face of the door and frame
|
|
swing clear hinge
|
type of hinge with a special shape, allowing the door to swing 90°
|
|
high-frequency door
|
doors used at office building entrances, theaters, etc, which require heavyweight ball-bearing hinges
|
|
latchset
|
device that holds a door in place with no provision for locking
|
|
mortise lock or latch
|
a type of lock/latch installed in a rectangular area cut out of the door; allows the use of a dead bolt and a latchbolt
|
|
preassembled / unit lock or latch
|
a type of lock/latch that comes from the factory as a complete unit and slid into a notch made at the edge of the door; seldom used anymore
|
|
bored / cylindrical lock or latch
|
a type of lock/latch installed by drilling holes through the face of the door and from the edge of the door to the first opening; less expensive but less versatile than other locksets
|
|
interconnected lock
|
a type of lock consisting of a cylindrical lock and a dead bolt which are linked up so that a single action of turning the doorknob inside releases both the lock and bolt
|
|
pivot
|
an alternative to hinges; used for frameless doors
|
|
panic hardware
|
operating hardware sometimes required by building code for safe egress; consist of push bars extending across the width of the door that operate vertical rods that disengage latches at the top and bottom
|
|
push plate / pull bar
|
operating hardware used when automatic latching is not required
|
|
closer
|
device that automatically returns a door to its closed position after it's opened
|
|
astragals
|
vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security
|
|
coordinator
|
device used with double doors that are rabbeted or that have an astragal on the active leaf, to ensure that they close in the correct order
|
|
flush bolt
|
hardware used on the inactive leaf of a pair of doors to lock the door; not allowed on exit doors
|
|
weather stripping
|
used along the edges of doors to provide a tight seal for protection from water, air, light, sound, and smoke; made of neoprene, felt, metal, vinyl, etc.
|
|
labeled door
|
another name for a fire-rated door, called such for the small metal marker attached to the door, indicating its class and rating based on UL/FM/ASTM/NFPA
|
|
glazing
|
the process of installing both the glass and the framing
|
|
float glass / annealed glass
|
type of glass made by pouring molten glass on a bed of molten tin and allowing it to slowly cool, forming a smooth, flat surface
|
|
heat-strengthened glass
|
type of glass made by heating glass to 1100°F, then allowed to slowly cool; two times stronger than annealed glass; used in areas of higher thermal stress or cyclic windloading
|
|
tempered glass
|
type of glass made by subjecting annealed glass to 1150°F, then quickly cooling it; four times stronger than annealed glass; considered safety glass
|
|
laminated glass
|
type of glass made by bonding two or more pieces of glass together with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral resin; strong, potentially bulletproof, sound control
|
|
tinted glass / heat-absorbing glass
|
type of glass used to reduce the solar transmittance of the glass; sensitive to differential expansion/contraction due to uneven thermal load; colors include bronze, gray, green, or blue
|
|
low-iron glass
|
type of glass with exceptional clarity and optimal light/color transmission; appears light-green compared to ordinary clear float glass
|
|
reflective glass
|
type of glass, clear or tinted, coated with an extremely thin layer of metal or metallic oxide
|
|
insulating glass
|
type of glass made up of two or three sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space; has a low U-value, and can be made with heat-strengthened, tempered, reflective, tinted, and laminated glass
|
|
patterned glass
|
type of glass made by passing a sheet of glass through rollers on which the desired imprint is etched; may diffuse visibility
|
|
wire glass
|
type of glass which has mesh embedded in the middle of the sheet; may be smooth or patterned; twice as strong as annealed glass but does not qualify as safety glass
|
|
spandrel glass
|
a type of glass made by fusing a ceramic frit color to the back of heat-strengthened or tempered glass; used to conceal the floor and ceiling structure in curtain wall construction
|
|
low-emissivity glass ("low-e glass")
|
type of glass which selectively reflects/transmits certain electromagnetic wavelengths, made by placing a thin coating of metal or metal oxide on the glass
|
|
electrochromic glazing
|
a type of glazing that changes from either a dark tint or a white opaque to transparent with the application of an electric current
|
|
glazing stops
|
removable pieces of framing that allow glass to be installed and removed easily
|
|
structural glazing gaskets
|
fairly rigid strips of neoprene specifically designed to hold glass, used in place of glazing stops
|
|
frameless glazing system
|
glazing system type with supports on the topa nd bottom, with butt-jointed edges, sealed with silicon sealant
|
|
building code requirements for glazing
|
(characteristics of glazing systems governed by ____)
-sizing of the glass based on wind loads -fire-rating requirements -areas of glass subject to human impact in hazardous locations |
|
curtain wall
|
exterior wall system that is attached to the structural framework of a building and that carries no weight other than its own and the wind loading that it transfers to the structure
|
|
plaster
|
a finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water
|
|
Keene's cement
|
a type of plaster with a high resistance to abrasion and water penetration
|
|
stucco
|
a finish material made from portland cement, lime, sand, and water; hard and non-water-absorbant
|
|
metal lath
|
surface that the first coat of plaster can key into; usually some kind of mesh
|
|
scratch coat
|
first coat of plaster; usually about 1/4"
|
|
brown coat
|
second coat of plaster; usually about 1/4"
|
|
finish coat
|
third coat of plaster, usually about 1/8"
|
|
gypsum board lath
|
an alternate to metal lath; specifically designed for plastering
|
|
LC bead
|
edge trim requiring finishing with joint compound
|
|
L bead
|
edge trim without a back flange; good for installation after the wallboard is in; requires finishing with joint compound
|
|
LK bead
|
edge trim used with a kerfed jamb; requires finishing with joint compound
|
|
U bead / J metal
|
edge trim that does not require finishing with joint compound; has a noticeable edge
|
|
dust pressing
|
tile manufacturing method which uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay
|
|
nonvitreous tile
|
tile with water absorption of more than 7%
|
|
semivitreous tile
|
tile with water absorption between 3% and 7%
|
|
vitreous tile
|
tile with water absorption between .5% and 3%
|
|
impervious tile
|
tile with water absorption less than .5%
|
|
cleavage membrane
|
membrane made up of roofing felt or polyethylene film which allows tile and reinforced mortar bed and the structural floor to move independently of each other
|
|
standard terrazzo
|
the most common type of terrazzo, using chips smaller than 3/8"
|
|
venetian terrazzo
|
type of terrazzo using chips larger than 3/8"
|
|
palladiana terrazzo
|
type of terrazzo using thin random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo
|
|
rustic terrazzo
|
type of terrazzo using a depressed matrix to expose chips
|
|
sand cushion method
|
terrazzo installation method with a reinforced underbed that is physically separated from the structural slab with a membrane; best way to avoid cracking
|
|
bonded method
|
terrazzo installation method with the underbed directly on the structural slab; used when floor movement/deflection is not anticipated
|
|
resilient flooring
|
thin sheet/tile formed under heat and pressure; made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers
|
|
vinyl flooring
|
resilient flooring that is resistant to indentation, abrasion, grease, water, alkalis, and some acids; comes in a variety of colors/patterns; easy to install
|
|
rubber flooring
|
resilient flooring that is comfortable and quiet; not very resistant to oils/grease; hard to clean; can be damaged by indentation of small objects
|
|
linoleum
|
traditional type of sheet flooring made from oxidized linseed oil or other binders, pigments, and fillers applied over a backing of burlap or asphalt-saturated felt; great abrasion and grease resistance, limited resistance to alkalis
|
|
cork flooring
|
tiled flooring material use where acoustical control is desired; not resistant to staining, moisture, heavy loads, or concentrated foot traffic; should only be used above grade; must be sealed/waxed for protection
|
|
seamless flooring
|
resilient floor made up of a resinous matrix, fillers, and decorative materials applied in a liquid or viscous form that cures; extremely hard with high resistance to water, severe stains, and chemicals
|
|
binder
|
the non-volatile part of a paint's vehicle; combines with the body of the paint to form the film of the coating
|
|
solvent
|
the volatile part of a paint's vehicle; dissolves the binder to allow for application of the coating, then evaporates to leave the final finish
|