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246 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is CONCRETE? |
Mixture of - fine aggregate (sand) - coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed rock) - portland cement - water When water is added, a chemical reaction called HYDRATION occurs that creates heat and causes the concrete to harden. |
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Water-Cement Ratio Law (name of inventor and date) |
1918 Duff A. Abrams Restricts water content to the lowest value that will allow workability for a particular job |
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Cement Portland Cement |
Cement:
"Any adhesive substance capable of uniting nonadhesive materials" Portland Cement "the most widely used cement in existence." |
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Portland cement (ingredients?) |
lime
silica iron oxide alumina |
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Portland cement (process) |
ingredients are GROUND BURNED PULVERIZED (the fineness of grinding in this last step has a direct bearing on the strength of the cement) HARDENED (by adding water) |
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Portland Cement (setting times) |
initial set: within 1 hour final set: about 10 hours cement continues to harden over a long period of time. |
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Types of portland cement used in building construction (Table) |
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Eugene Freyssinet |
Patented method for long span bridge design 1924 |
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Joseph Aspdin |
Applied for patent of English Portland Limestone 1824 |
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Joseph Monier |
Credited with spreading the use of Reinforced Concrete in the middle of the 1800s |
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Le Corbusier |
Designed Unite d'Habitation |
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What is aggregate? |
The chemically inert ingredients that are combined with cement and water to make concrete. Aggregates affect the quality of the concrete, reduce shrinkage of the concrete, and serve as a filler, for economy. A concrete mix is basically composed of large, coarse aggregate particles between which smaller and finer particles are fitted until all the voids in the mixture are as solidly filled as possible. |
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Aggregate dimensions (baselines rule) |
no greater than 1/3 the thickness of concrete slabs 3/4 of the minimum space between reinforcing bars |
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Admixtures |
materials that are added to concrete mixtures to alter certain characteristics or to achieve special qualities |
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Typical unit of measurement for concrete |
cubic foot (~150 for standard concrete) * one sack of portland cement is one cubic foot (~94 lbs) |
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Typical unit of measurement for water (when referring to concrete mixtures) |
gallon
around 8 lbs in a gallon |
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Typical unit of measurement for aggregates |
measured by either weight or volume |
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Water-Cement Ratio |
Expressed as # gallons / sack of cement Maximum strength is obtained by using the minimum amount of water required to complete hydration of the cement, but a mix of this type would be too dry and unworkable. Thus, a plastic or workable mix always contains more water than the amount needed to attain maximum strength. In other words, concrete strength decreases as the extra water required for workability increases. *optimum water-cement ratio provides the minimum amount of cement paste that will coat each aggregate particle and fill all voids while providing the required concrete strength and adequate workability. |
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Concrete Strength How does water affect strength? |
Water Up Strength Down Workability Up |
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Laitance |
a chalky surface deposit of low strength produced by using excess water. *If laitance does appear, it must be removed before any new concrete is poured, in order for the new concrete to bond to the old. |
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Compressive strength of concrete |
strength after 28 days usual range is 3,000 - 6,000 psi. 4,000 psi is common (high-early-strength concrete can develop compressive strength in as fast as 7-14 days) |
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Ready-Mixed Concrete Transit-Mixed Concrete |
Ready-mixed concrete is mixed completely at a central mixing plant and transported to the building site in an agitator truck with a revolving chamber. (Should be within 1-1.5 hours of job site) Transit-mixed concrete is mixed completely in a truck mixer. The dry materials are picked up at a central plant and placed in a mixer truck that carries a water tank. The mixer continues to revolve the dry mix while en route to the site; after arrival, water is added and mixed, and the concrete is deposited. |
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Form Ties |
Form ties are metal devices used to prevent concrete forms from spreading. The location of form ties is an important design factor in wall surface appearance |
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Formwork (coating) |
Before concrete is placed, the forms are usually coated with a suitable oil or other material to prevent water absorption or bond between the form and the concrete. It is important that the oil or other coating material be applied to the forms before setting the steel reinforcement in order to avoid accidental coating of the steel, which would prevent satisfactory bonding between the concrete and steel. |
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Column Formwork |
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Steel Forms for Waffle Pattern Ceiling |
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Formwork For Wall |
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Form Tie Hole Patterns |
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Reinforced Steel (Basics) |
Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.. Reinforced steel resists tension, while the concrete itself resists compression. |
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Coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete and reinforcing steel? |
almost the same. therefore, temperature changes do not introduce significant stresses (concrete is sufficiently impervious and fire-resistant to protect the reinforcing steel from corrosion and fire, and concrete bonds well to steel) |
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Reinforcing Steel Categories |
Rolling Mill Bar Size in #'s: #3-#11, #14, #18 (1/8 of inch)... #3 = 3/8 inch. ASTM designation in TYPE OF STEEL -A615 (Billet Steel) -A616 (Rail Steel) -A617 (Axle Steel) -A706 (Low-Alloy Steel) GRADE: 40, 50, 60, 75 (this refers to yield strengths of 40,000 psi, 50,000 psi, 60,000 psi, and 75,000 psi. |
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WWF |
Welded Wire Fabric grid of smooth or deformed cold-drawn steel wires welded at all points of intersection. Can be used for floors, walls, roofs or other large expanses of concrete. |
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Lightweight concrete weight per cubic foot? |
90-115 lbs (compared to normal 150 lbs) |
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Lightweight concrete attributes |
- max size of aggregate is ~ 3/4 inch - handling/placing is easier - modulus of elasticity is lower (deflections are greater) - drying shrinkage is greater - thermal insulation properties are better - cost is higher |
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Air Entrainment?? |
hh |
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insulating lightweight concrete |
used primarily for thermal insulation in roof construction weight: ~15-90 lbs per cubic foot low compressive strength made of aggregates of expanded materials, (perlite or vermiculite) (Another way of producing insulating lightweight concrete is to incorporate a uniformcellular structure of air voids into a cement paste or cement-sand mortar by using preformed or formed-in-place foam.) |
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prep when placing new concrete on hardened concrete? |
goal is to get a well-bonded, watertight joint surface the hardened concrete should be - moistened and prepared using - sandblasting - waterjets - pneumatic tools |
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tremie |
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Effect of Vibration when placing concrete? |
greater density homogeneity durability and more complete contact with the reinforcing not vibrating the concrete may allow air bubbles to form. |
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Gunite |
Pneumatically applied concrete (shot into place using compressed air) Can be used for repair work as well as new construction. *useful for concrete that has a large surface area and thin section, such as sides and bottoms of swimming pools and thin section used to strengthen existing masonry walls for seismic forces. |
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slump test |
measures the consistency and workability of the concrete mix usually performed in the field *acceptable slump is 2-6 inches. If the slump is less than 2 inches, the mix is too stiff and unworkable. If more than 6 inches, it may be too wet and loose. |
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cylinder test |
Measures the compressive strength of concrete and utilizes standard test cylinders (6 inches in diameter, 12 inches long) From each batch, two cylinders are cast and laboratory-cured for 7 and 28 days, then tested in a crushing machine. |
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Other concrete tests? |
Kelly Ball Test - measures workability. dropping a heavy ball onto the surface of fresh concrete; penetration is measured (directly related to slump)
Impact Hammer Test - the rebound of a spring-loaded plunger is measured after it strikes a smooth concrete surface; this gives an approx. indication of strength. (not a substitute for the cylinder test) Tests for Air Content - there are various ways. these tests should be regularly made immediately after the concrete is discharged from the mixer, and frequently after the concrete has been places and consolidated. |
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Curing |
maintaining proper humidity and temperature for some period of time after it is placed, to assure satisfactory hydration of the cement. |
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Effects of not enough water to curing concrete? |
excessive evaporation: -retard the hydration process -reduce the strength of the concrete -can cause concrete to shrink -can cause surface cracks. |
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curing methods |
1. Supplying additional moisture to the concrete surface, by ponding or sprinkling 2. Using a wet covering, such as moist sand, burlap, or straw 3. Covering the surface with a membrane or curing compound that prevents evaporation 4. Leaving wood forms in place and keeping them moist |
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curing period |
3-14 days As all the desirable qualities of concrete are improved by curing, the curing period should be as long as possible, consistent with other project requirements. |
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curing temps? |
most favorable: between 50-70 degrees F. The chemical reaction of hydration generates internal heat in the concrete, which must be considered, especially in hot weather. In very hot weather special care may have to be taken, such as cooling the concrete ingredients or adding ice to the mixing water. Wind and sun tend to dry out concrete, and temporary windbreaks and/or shading may be required. During cold weather, additional heat may be required from heaters, heating coils, or live steam. It may even be necessary to temporarily enclose and heat portions of the building during and after concrete placement. |
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concrete joints |
Construction joints are always planes of weakness, and therefore should be located at sections of minimum shear. They are often keyed to provide some shear strength. |
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Expansion Joints |
Required in buildings more than 200 ft long, at joints of building wings, and at additions to existing buildings. |
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types of expansion joints |
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Control Joints |
Tooled, Sawed, or Pre-molded joints to allow for shrinkage of large concrete areas. *Control joints create a weakened section that induces cracking to occur along the joint, rather than in a random fashion. |
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Isolation Joints |
Provide a separation between a slab on grade and columns or walls, so that each can move independently. |
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Prestressed concrete (definition) |
Concrete placed in COMPRESSION by applying a tensile force to prestressing steel before the external loads are applied. The purpose is to cause stresses in the concrete that are opposite in direction from those caused by external loads. *concrete members can be smaller, span greater distances, and support greater loads. |
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Prestressed concrete members (benefits) |
can be smaller span greater distances support greater loads because prestressed members are completely in compression, tension cracks are prevents (great for structures exposed to the weather) prestressed members are stiffer and have greater shear strength |
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prestressed concrete members (disadvantages) |
greater material and labor costs need for closer quality control (then conventional reinforced concrete) |
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Prestressed Concrete Sections |
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What are the two procedures for applying prestress |
pretensioning posttensioning |
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pretensioning (methods and advantages) |
prestressing steel is stretched between abutments and tensioned by jacks before placing the concrete. After the concrete is placed and has attained its required strength, the prestressing steel is cut, and its tensile force is applied as a compressive force to the concrete through bond between the concrete and the steel. lends itself to mass production, as the casting beds can be hundreds of feet long, the entire length can be cast at one time, and individual beams can be cut to the required lengths. |
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posttensioning |
the concrete is cast with a hollowing duct or sleeve to encase the prestressing steel and prevent bond between the concrete and the steel. the concrete is cured and after is has acquired sufficient strength, the steel is tensioned by jacking against anchorages at the ends of the beam, which compresses the concrete. the prestressing steel is permanently locked under stress by special end anchors and grouted. |
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pretensioning vs posttensioning |
the losses after tensioning, caused by friction, elastic shortening, and shrinkage, are usually less in posttensioning than in pretensioning. |
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types of prestressing steel |
high strength bars single wires wire strands (7 wires, one central wire enclosed tightly by six helically places outer wires) |
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precast concrete (advantages) |
1. better quality control of concrete 2. better control over curing 3. members castable in all weather 4. members erectable in all weather 5. faster actual construction time |
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types of precast concrete planks |
these floor and roof systems are often prestressed. |
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types of precast concrete joist/plank connection systems |
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precast wall to slab and wall to foundation connections |
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tilt-up construction for precast concrete |
casting a wall panel in a horizontal position and then tilting it to its final vertical position. solid, 5-8 inches thick and long enough to span between columns or footings |
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tilt-up panels with columns |
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lift-slab construction |
casting a floor and roof slabs of a multistory building, one upon another, with a membrane or bond-breaking agent between, to prevent bonding of the separate slabs. Jacks attached to the structure's columns lift the slabs to their final position, where they are welded into place using special steel collars. |
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lift-slab construction (advantages) |
*This method of construction eliminates practically all formwork, and greatly shortens the overall construction time. *A great advantage of lift-slab construction is that all mechanical pipes, conduits, and ducts can be installed on grade. Thus when the floors are raised into their permanent positions, all electrical, heating, plumbing, ventilating, and air-conditioning have been completely roughed in. |
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tube slab |
a system in which paper tube fillers are embedded in the section to obtain a flat ceiling with no exposed beams. This allows mechanical and duct spaces to be integrated within the thickness of the system. |
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Terrazzo |
a topping material that is applied over concrete slabs a mixture of portland cement and water (known as the matrix) to which colored marble granules are added. After the mixture has set, it is ground and polished to a smooth finish. Terrazzo can be applied to walls, floors, wainscots, and stairs. |
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The steel in reinforced concrete provides _________ strength |
Tensile.
Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension. Therefore, reinforcing steel is embedded in the concrete to resist tension, while the concrete itself resists compression. The combination of the two materials is known as reinforced concrete. |
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the size of coarse aggregate in a concrete mix is governed by what (2) things? |
1) thickness of the concrete section 2) space between reinforcing bars |
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primary purpose of a slump test? |
measure CONSISTENCY and WORKABILITY of the mix |
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Name two qualities associated with lightweight concrete |
1) good thermal insulation 2) excellent fire resistence (NOT) high density low cost difficult of handling |
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When pouring concrete in hot weather, what kind of agent would one add to the mixture? |
Retarding Agent As hot weather tends to shorten concrete's setting time, one would add a retarding agent to the mixture. This would counteract the weather's effect by lengthening the setting time. |
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the principal determinant of concrete strength is the _____________________ |
water-cement ratio |
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Types of masonry units |
solid or hollow brick structural clay tile concrete block gypsum block glass block terra cotta ceramic veneer precast concrete stone |
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True Arch |
Constructed of voussoirs wedged in compression Romans (led the way for the invention of the barrel vault, groin vault, hemispherical dome) |
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Methods for molding brick |
1) soft mud process 2) stiff mud process 3) dry-press process |
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soft mud process |
a method for molding brick uses molds into which moist clay is pressed by hand or machine into rectangular molds |
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stiff mud process |
a method for molding brick forces the mixture through a die, extruding a clay ribbon that is cut into bricks by tightly stretched wires (aka wire cut brick) |
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dry press process |
a method for molding brick uses a relatively dry mixture that is pressed into gang molds by plungers under high pressure. *this process produces the most accurately formed brick. |
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solid/core/hollow qualifications |
core is solid if 75% of total cross-sectional area is solid hollow is solid if 60% of total cross-sectional area is solid |
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dimensions of a standard brick |
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brick is made of clay fired at what temp? |
about 1850 degrees F |
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Brick is specified in accordance with the USE and EXPOSURE to which it will be subjected (grades) |
Grade SW (Severe weathering) Used in areas of heavy rain, snow, or continual freezing. Grade MW (Moderate weathering) Used in areas of average rain and moderate freezing. Grade NW (No weathering) Used in areas of minimal rain and no freezing, as in sheltered or indoor locations. Face brick is brick that will be exposed to view, and it is made from controlled mixtures of clay or shale and carefully manufactured to produce high quality units in specific sizes, textures, and colors. Face brick, too, is specified according to exposure, and is available in SW and MW grades. In addition, it is classified according to factors affecting its appearance, as follows: Grade FBX High degree of mechanical perfection, narrow color range, and minimum size variation. Grade FBS Greater size variation and wide color range. Grade FBA Nonuniform in size, color, and texture. Hollow brick is available in SW and MW grades, and is classified by factors affecting its appearance, similar to face brick, as follows: Grade HBX High degree of mechanical perfection, minimum size variation, and narrow color range. Grade HBS Greater size variation and wide color range. Grade HBA Nonuniform in size, color, and texture. |
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Other brick classifications |
Backup brick. Inferior brick used behind face brick. Paving brick. Very hard and dense brick used in pavements. Fire brick. Brick made with great resistance to high temperatures, as in a fireplace. Sewer brick. Low-absorption brick for use in sewerage and storm drains. Adobe brick. Brick made from a mixture of natural clay and straw, placed in molds, and dried in the sun. Requires protection from rain and subsurface moisture. Nail-on brick. Flat brick generally used on interiors where solid masonry cannot be structurally supported. Hollow brick. Brick whose net cross-sectional area is at least 60 percent of its gross cross-sectional area. |
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Name the surfaces of the brick |
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Names of shapes of cut brick |
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Names for the orientation of how bricks are laid within a wall |
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what temperature should bricks be laid in? |
40-90 degrees F for best results |
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masonry joint nomenclature |
bed joints head joints |
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thickness of a masonry joint |
1/4 inch to 1/2 inch *(in general 3 bricks plus 3 joints equals eight inches in height) |
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brick/joint dimensions rule |
3 bricks + 3 joints = 8" in height
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*Few brick walls today are laid solid. Most walls are cavity walls, in which two tiers, or wythes, of masonry are separated by two or three inches of air space. Rigid foam insulation, applied to the inside wythe, occupies about half this space, thus increasing the insulation value of the wall. |
just saying. good to know. |
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Reinforced Brick Masonry |
Brick Wall that consists of two wythes of brick separated by a two- to four- inch space in which horizontal and vertical reinforcing bars are placed. The space is filled solidly with grout, which is a mixture of portland cement, sand, water, and sometimes pea gravel. A small amount of lime is also permitted in the grout mix. Reinforced brick masonry is much stronger than unreinforced brick masonry, for both vertical loads and lateral loads from wind or earthquake. |
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Name of the patterns of bricks in a wall |
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How are veneer bricks attached? |
They are held in place by metal wires, clips, and anchors |
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Efflorescence |
White, powdery deposit on the masonry surface caused by soluble salts in the units or in the mortar. These salts are leached out by water that penetrates the masonry and results in unsightly patches of discoloration. Efflorescence can be prevented, or at least minimized, by selecting materials free of harmful salts and by preventing water from penetrating the masonry. This may be accomplished by the use of solid and tight mortar joints, capped walls, effective flashing, and adequate weather protection of the masonry during the course of construction. When efflorescence appears, it can be removed by washing with high pressure water, by light sandblasting, or most commonly by washing with a 5 percent solution of muriatic acid in water. |
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Expansion Joints in Brick Walls |
Required when longer than 200 ft Required when there are two or more wings in a building |
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Concrete Block Dimensions |
Concrete blocks are modular, so that a nominal 8 × 8 × 16 block actually measures 7-5/8 × 7-5/8 × 15-5/8 inches to allow for 3/8 inch mortar joints, both horizontally and vertically. |
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Load Bearing Concrete Block Grades |
N (severe exposures) S (requiring protection from the weather) |
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Concrete Block Shapes |
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Structural Clay Tile Type depending on orientation? |
Side Construction (Horizontal cells) End Construction (Vertical cells) Used for interior partitions, or, in combination with other masonry, as back-up for exterior walls. |
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Ceramic Veneer |
terra cotta variety of natural and glazed finished. applied with a mortar setting bed OR by using metal anchors and mortar |
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Gypsum Block |
(aka gypsum tiles) solid or cored units manufactured from gypsum plaster thicknesses are usually 2-6 inches and 12 x 30 inches in size used for interior non-load-bearing partitions and for lightweight fire-proofing protection |
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two inches of gypsum block as the same fire rating as _____________ |
4" of concrete block |
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special considerations when using GLASS BLOCK |
- always a 4" module - should never be used to support structural loads - always set in a STACKED BOND pattern - mortar mix must be special; poor bond between mortar and glass - control joints are critical because of high coefficient of thermal expansion for glass |
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Classifications of Stones |
3 types (based on how the rock was formed) |
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Forms of stone in construction |
Rough stone (fieldstone)—natural stone used decoratively Rubble stone—irregular stone with at least one good face used for ashlar veneers, copings, sills, curbs, etc. Dimension stone—cut stone, used for surface veneers, toilet partitions, flooring, stair treads, etc. Flagstone—thin slabs used for paving, treads, counter tops, etc. Monumental stone—used for sculpture, monuments, gravestones, etc. Crushed stone—used as aggregate for concrete, asphaltic concrete, terrazzo, built-up roof surfacing, etc., as well as granular fill Stone dust—used as filler in asphalt flooring, shingles, paints, etc. |
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Stone Masonry Two principal groups: |
rubble masonry (stones are left in their natural rough state) ashlar masonry (stones are shaped and smoothed into rectangular blocks) |
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Stone Masonry: what does course mean? |
having continuous horizontal joints |
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Stonework Patterns |
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Bond Stone |
Stone with its longest dimension perpendicular to the wall face to tie the wall to its backing. |
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Stone Connection and Anchoring details |
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Types of Mortar Joints |
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Types of Masonry Anchors and Accessories |
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What is Mortar |
portland cement sand lime water lime putty or hydrated lime - improves workability and water retentivity - reduces strength *for high strength - high-bond additive - plasticizer |
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the considerable variation found in natural brick colors is caused by _____ |
- clays from which they are made - temperatures at which they are fired |
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concrete block might be used instead of brick because: |
usually less expensive are faster to erect *harder to handle, larger and heavier *considered less attractive |
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wood (definition) |
hard fibrous substance lying beneath the bark of trees |
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lumber (definition) |
wood that has ben sawn into construction members |
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timber |
lumber that is 5" or larger in its least dimension |
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softwoods vs. hardwoods |
softwoods: come from needle-leaved conifers (evergreens) - pine, fir, spruce hardwoods: come from broad-leaved deciduous trees - maple, oak, sycamore |
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softwoods and hardwoods (general uses) |
softwoods: used structurally in general construction for framing, sheathing, bracing hardwoods: used for flooring, paneling, interior trim, furniture |
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arts and crafts movement |
a reformist movement opposing eclectic turn-of-the-century styles |
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shingle style |
a free-form, sculptural housing style popular for a brief period of time at the end of the 1800s |
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who developed balloon framing |
Augustine Taylor |
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forces on wood relative to grain direction |
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defects in wood |
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types of warpage |
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plainsawed vs. quartersawed |
The characteristics of plainsawed lumber include: - Distinct grain pattern - May twist, cup, and wear unevenly - Tends to have raised grain - Shrinks and swells more in width, less in thickness - Less waste in cutting, and therefore less expensive Quartersawed lumber has the following characteristics: - Relatively even grain pattern - Wears evenly with less warpage - Shrinks and swells more in thickness, less in width - More waste in cutting and therefore more costly |
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lumber sizes |
2" or less = BOARDS
2"-5" = DIMENSION 5" or more = TIMBERS |
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BOARDS |
Graded for appearance and used as siding, subflooring, and trim. They are classified as select and common. Select lumber has a good appearance and is graded from A to D; A and B grades are of the highest quality and are suitable for natural finishes, while C and D are considered paint grades. Common lumber has more blemishes than select and is classified into five grades of descending quality, from number 1 to number 5. |
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DIMENSION LUMBER AND TIMBERS |
called structural lumber, used for load-bearing members and graded for strength. Dimension Lumber: joists, planks, light framing, decking Timbers: beams, stringers, posts, timbers |
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Classifications of wood based on manufacture |
rough: has visible saw marks dressed: planed smooth to uniform sizes worked: dressed and then tongue-and grooved, shiplapped or shaped to a patterns. |
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worked lumber examples |
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actual dimensions of a 2" x 4"? |
1.5" x 3.5" dressed, surfaced, or finished size is always smaller due to the seasoning and surfacing of lumber |
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Types of Plywood |
Plywood is produced in standard 4'x8' sheets, with the grain of the face and the back veneers parallel to the 8' dimensions. Thicknesses range from 5/16" to 1-1/8 inches. |
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4 types of plywood veneer cutting |
ROTARY PLAIN SLICING QUATER SLICING RIFT CUTTING |
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Common Uses of PLYWOOD |
strong backing for finish materials wall an roof sheathing, subflooring, under-layment, formwork *great strength in both directions (unlike sawn lumber), greater resistance to shrinking and splitting, less warpage. |
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Book Match Slip Match Random Match |
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wane |
lack for wood in the edge or corner |
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plywood joints |
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Pressed Fiber Boards |
used for nonstructural or semistructural purposed such as concrete forms, cabinets, doors, wall paneling, partitions, decking, and insulation |
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hardboard |
made from wood fibers that have been highly compressed under heat and pressure into dense, durable boards. It is available in two categories: basic and prefinished, and in three types: tempered, standard, and service standard. These are available in 4 by 8 foot sheets that are 1/8 inch to 3/8 inch thick. Prefinished hardboard is available in a variety of patterns, textures, and finishes, such as baked enamels, plastic laminates, etc. Prefinished hardboard is used for exterior siding, soffits, interior walls, ceilings, cabinet work, pegboards, and acoustical treatment. |
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glulam |
glued laminated structural members fabricated from layers of wood that are bonded with adhesives, in which the grain of all layers is approximately parallel longitudinally. GRADES: Industrial is the grade used where appearance is not a prime concern. Architectural is the grade used where appearance is an important consideration. Premium is the top grade, specified where appearance is of primary importance. It is the most expensive grade and arrives at the site fully wrapped for protection. |
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glulam joints |
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wood joints |
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What type of manufactured panel would be most appropriate to use for perimeter foundation wall insulation? |
beadboard an insulating board consisting of a core of small, expanded polystyrene beans with heavy paper laminated to both sides. insulation value is less than that of extruded polystyrene insulation of the same thickness. |
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the principal reason that lumber is graded is to establish |
uniform standards of quality |
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Particleboard |
Dry-formed of wood particles bonded together with synthetic resin. It is used primarily as core stock for plastic laminate or hardwood veneers and used in the manufacture of furniture, cabinets, countertops, wall paneling, and doors. |
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3 strategies to help extend the life of wood |
1) keep all underfloor wood members dry and well ventilated. 2) keep subsurface wood supports totally submerged in water 3) apply intumescent paint on all exposed wood members |
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Wood with a moisture content of 30% is: |
Green. *this will shrink if used in construction because it is considered unseasoned. |
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If you wanted to use wood siding with a highly figured grain pattern, you would specify |
plainsawed lumber. has a more "distinctive" grain pattern |
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Manganese |
the essential ingredient that converts the iron into steel. |
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Ferrous |
metal containing a substantial proportion of iron (such as stainless steel and galvanized iron) non-ferrous contains other metals like aluminum, copper or zinc |
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Smelting |
Extracting metal from an ore
most involve some sort of heat treatment |
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Galvanic Action |
aka electrolysis type of deterioration when different metals or allows come into contact with one another. if this contact takes place in the presence of an electrolyte, such as moisture, an electrical current will flow from one metal to the other, and in time, one metal will corrode while the other will remain intact |
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Order or Materials by Galvanic Activity |
Each metal can be corroded by all that follow it... 1. Aluminum 2. Zinc 3. Iron and Steel 4. Stainless Steel 5. Tin 6. Lead 7. Brass 8. Copper 9. Bronze 10. Gold |
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Cast vs. Wrought |
Cast: pouring molten metal into a mold of the required shape and allowing it to cool Wrought: forcibly shaping solid metal to a required form - hot rolling - cold rolling - forging (hammering hot metal) - pressing (from sheets) - drawing (wires or tubes) - extruding (forcing hot mass through an opening) |
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3 principal methods of making steel |
the open hearth process the basic oxygen process the electric furnace process |
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Ferrous Metals (Chart) |
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Structural Steel |
This is steel used for structural purposes, containing varying amounts of carbon and other elements. Included in this type are also a variety of high-strength steels. |
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Alloy Steel |
This is steel containing other elements that are added to provide special properties. For example, stainless steel, containing chromium and nickel, is strong, hard, and corrosion-resistant. |
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Weathering Steel |
This is steel containing up to one half of 1 percent copper, which develops a tightly-adherent oxide coating when exposed to the weather. It requires no finish. |
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Heat-treated steel. |
This is steel that is reheated and cooled slowly, or annealed, for improved workability. |
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Case-hardened steel. |
This is steel with a hard, high carbon surface produced by a special process. |
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Aluminum is what (Fraction) of steel by weight? |
1/3 |
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Aluminum Properties |
light weight good thermal and electrical conductivity great resistance to corrosion highly reflective |
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Copper Properties Uses |
Malleable Ductile High Strength Resistant to Corrosive Agents Very high electrical and thermal conductivity Uses: - electrical work - water distribution lines - roofing - flashing - screening mesh |
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Brass Properties |
common alloy of copper and zinc resist corrosion easily workable used for precise castings finish hardware plumbing, heating, and AC fittings |
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Bronze |
alloys of copper and tin, with small amounts of other metals similar properties to that of brass |
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Lead |
Heavy, Soft, Toxic Low Strength Easily Worked Corrosion Resistant Impenetrable to Radiation |
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Zinc |
Low strength corrosion-resistant used for roof covering flashing and protective coatings on steel (galvanizing) |
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Monel |
Nickel-copper alloy strong, bright, ductile, corrosion-resistant |
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Definition Of Steel |
alloy of iron that contains no more than 2% carbon (structural steel contains about .25% carbon. plus traces of various impurities) |
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Anodizing |
a metal finish applied to aluminum inserting the metal into an electrolyte - when current is applied, a coating is formed on the aluminum surface in a wide choice of hues. |
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Galvanizing |
most popular method of protecting iron and steel against corrosion coating of zinc applied by immersing the steel in bath of molten zinc. (amount of coating is expressed in oz per square foot of sheet) available in plain flat, corrugates, and special shapes. commonly used in construction for roofing, siding, decking, flashing, and cladding. *zinc corrodes to a self-protecting oxide, therefore making it more resistant to corrosive damage than steel. *not immune to deterioration and is often painted for protection. must use a special paint or primer to get the necessary bond. |
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6 categories on metals in constuction |
1. structural - structural steel, reinforcing bars and mesh for concrete, and wire rope 2. hollow metalwork - doors, bucks, partitions, panels, windows, mullions, curtain walls, and panel systems that incorporate other materials, such as glass, stone, plastic, and so on 3. miscellaneous metalwork - stairs, railings, fencing, gratings, rough hardware, ladders, and so forth 4. ornamental metalwork - plaques, letters, finish hardware, railings, screens, grilles, expansion joint covers, etc. 5. flashing - base and cap flashing, gutters and leaders, spandrel and through-wall flashing, copings, termite shields, etc. All of these applications are covered further in Lesson Five 6. miscellaneous - rough hardware, nuts and bolts, rivets, screws, nails, washers, inserts, hangers, anchors, wire, and so forth |
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Steel Sections |
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Built-up Steel Section Examples |
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Famous example of tensile structure |
Munich Olympic Stadium Frei Otto |
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Tensile Structure |
designed to have no compression or bending at any point in the system |
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two kinds of fabric structures |
tensile: held in tension by masts or cables or rigid elements pneumatic: use air pressure to create rigidity in a fabric structure and to resist exterior forces such as wind and snow. |
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space frame |
formed of small, light steel members that together can span great distances with a minimum number of supports. Javitz center Crystal Cathedral Louvre Pyramid |
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Types of Studs |
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When/Where are Web Joists Assembled |
shop-fabricated |
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Types of Steel Decking |
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Hollow Metal Door Buck |
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How is metal decking attached to its support members? |
Welding |
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Miscellaneous Metalwork is most frequently fabricated from |
STEEL |
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Of the metals listed, which is the most resistant to galvanic deterioration? - lead - copper - bronze - brass |
bronze |
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All of the following ferrous metals can resist tensile forces except: - cast iron - wrought iron - alloy steel - heat-treated steel |
cast iron has a high carbon content and is strong in compression, but weak in tension |
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what makes steel sell suited for structural framing? |
stength inexpensive |
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Two ways moisture can infiltrate a building from below-grade |
capillary action hydrostatic pressure |
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Permeable |
Capable of being penetrated by water without causing rupture or displacement |
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Pervious |
Permitting leaking or flow of water through cracks, leaks, or other openings |
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Water-Resistant |
Having no openings larger than capillary pores that permit leakage of water |
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Water-Repellant |
Incapable of transmitting water by capillary action, but able to transmit water under pressure |
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Waterproof |
Completely impervious to water, whether under pressure or not. |
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Dampproofing |
*Distinguished from waterproofing in that damp proofing cannot resist constant hydrostatic pressure |
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Waterproofing |
preventing water under hydrostatic pressure from penetrating those parts of a building in direct contact with the earth. |
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Membrane waterproofing |
the most common method of waterproofing subsurface walls. membrane consists of several layers of asphalt-saturated felt hot mopped together with tar or asphalt pitch should be protected from puncture by a coat of cement plaster, a sheet of fiberboard, or a wythe of masonry |
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waterstop |
device used to create waterproof construction joints in walls and floors below grade Manufactured from noncorrosive metal or various plastics.... they permit movement without rupture |
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Pitches for various roof materials |
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Square |
Unit of measure for a roof surface = 100 SF |
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Roof Types Shed Gable Intersecting Gable Hip Mansard Gambrel Flat Sawtooth |
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Roof Material: Asphalt What forms are available? |
built up shingles roll |
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Roof Material: Wood What forms are available? |
Shingles Shakes |
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Roof Material: Metal What forms are available? |
Sheet Corrugated Strip |
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Roof Material: Clay/Cement/Slate What forms are available? |
Tiles |
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Roof Material: Glass and Plastic What forms are available? |
Sheets |
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Roof Material: Plastic Coatings What forms are available? |
Liquid Coatings |
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Built Up Roofs |
usually asphalt (sloping roofs) or coal-tar (flat roofs) consist of alternate layers of asphalt-saturated felts and hot asphalt cement... 3-ply or 5-fly |
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Wood Shingles |
Made from Red Cedar, Cypress, Redwood |
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Metal Roofing |
Usually galvanized iron Copper Aluminum Terneplate (steel coated with lead and tin) *problems: - corrosion - galvanic action - movement |
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Roof Tile Shapes |
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Water Vapor Movement |
Always moves from high to low pressure areas, usually from inside to outside a building *During summer, when the outside air is often warmer than the air inside a building, the water vapor may penetrate to the inside of the building |
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Vapor Barrier |
made from aluminum foil, plastic, of asphalt-saturated felt moisture forms on the cool side of the material... therefore vapor barriers are installed on the warm side (generally the room side of a wall, beneath the finish material) |
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roof insulation example |
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Flashing |
used to provide a seal and prevent water penetration at joints or intersections of different materials and expansion or contraction joints |
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Expansion joint occur every ___ ft in masonry buildings ____ in steel or concrete structures |
125 in masonry 200 in steel and concrete *depending on temperature ranges expected |
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Door Lingo |
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Fire Rating Classifications and Doors |
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Which glass types are appropriate for skylight glazing? |
Laminated
Tempered Wired |
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Which glass type would one select in order to reduce light transmission? |
Patterned |
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Glazing Permitted in a Clas B Fire Door? |
100 square inches total. |
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Principal disadvantage of aluminum door and window sections is their: |
poor resistance to galvanic action |
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Qualities of Wood Windows? |
Low Initial Expense High Durability Wide Availability NOT: Low maintenance Fire Resistive |
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definition of plaster |
portland cement (exterior) or gypsum and lime (interior) + aggregate + water |
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Metal Lath |
Sheet Metal or Wire Fabric into which a base coast of plaster is keyed. |
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Lathing Board. aka ________ |
plasterboard, gypsum lath, or gyplath - 16" x 48" standard - either 3/8" or 1/2" thick |
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Three coats of plaster |
scratch (1/4") brown (1/4") finish coats (1/2") |
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Gypsum Board aka_______ |
sheetrock or drywall 4' x 6 or 12' 1/4" to 5/8" range |
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Types of Gypsum Board |
Regular board. Surfacing for walls and ceilings. Backing board. Backing for other materials, such as acoustical tile. Insulating board. Aluminum foil laminated to one side, which serves as reflective insulation and vapor barrier. Type X board. For fire-resistive rating. Moisture-resistant board. Backing for ceramic tile in high moisture areas. Decorative board. Prefinished with decorative paper or vinyl in various textures, patterns, and colors. |
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Ceramic Tile Classifications |
Non-vitreous tile (moisture absorption rate between 7-15 percent) Semi-vitreous (3 - 7 %) Vitreous tile (absorbs less than 3% of its weight in moisture) Impervious Tile (repels all moisture and dirt) |
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Terrazzo Flooring |
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Types of Poured-in-place Floors |
Terrazzo Magnesite Elastomeric Rubberized Plastic Paint-Type (synthetic resin) |
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Types of Resilient Flooring |
Vinyl Asphalt Linoleum Rubber Cork |
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Carpeting (costs?) |
high initial cost BUT due to its moderate cost of maintenance, it is often the most economical floor covering to use, when considered over its entire life cycle. |
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VOC |
Volatile Organic Compound |
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Bituminous Coatings |
made from coal tar and asphalt used as a protective coating for submerged ferrous metal and for waterproofing masonry materials |
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how is a plumb surface created in prep for a plastered finish? |
metal furring channels A plumb surface is created by attaching metal furring channels to the concrete walls, over which metal lath and plaster are applied. Applying lath directly to rough concrete would not result in a smooth, plumb surface. Also, because of potential moisture penetration, using gypsum or plywood would be risky. |
