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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meter
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Hierarchical expectations of strong and weak beats
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Rhythm
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pattern of beats
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Isochronus
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same time over and over again. No change in timing.
Evenly spaced |
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Grouping
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How we phrase music
gestalt principles |
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Metric Hierarchy
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Denoting important beats in a measure (1 and 3)
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Dynamic Attending Theory
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If you can predict when something will happen next, you better understand what happened.
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Metric Qualia
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Emotions associated with each beat
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IOI
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Inter-onset interval
If distance from one event to the other is more than 100 ms, then it is heard as one continuous sound |
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Vocal Learning
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Acquiring speaking by hearing others and adapting by hearing other speaking.
Vocal learning species can be trained to beat. |
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nPVI
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Normalized Pairwise Variability Index. Measurement of variability in timing in speech.
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Stress-Timed Language
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Beat based on stress of language
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Syllable-Timed Language
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Syllables take about the same amount of time (French)
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Praat
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Program used to analyze speech
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Basic Emotions
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Evolved to deal with social and survival issues. Present in all cultures.
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear |
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Secondary Emotions
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Socially constructed emotions
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Pre-Cognitive Emotion Theory
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Quick. Emotional response occurs before cognitive appraisal.
Emotion created by music. |
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Kivy: Contour vs. Convention
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Contour: natural connections (sighing=down, slow=sad)
Convention: Emotion derived from enculturation (plagal cadence=religious) |
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Meyer: Designated vs. Embodied Meaning
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Designated: Stimulus and reference are different in kind (plagal cadence=religion, but not religious)
Embodied: Stimulus and reference are of the same kind (we expect something to happen, and if it doesn't, it is emotional for us) Gap filling |
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Berlyne's Inverted U Function
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Listeners prefer moderate complexity of music. Musicians show shift to more complicated side.
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Emotion's Adaptive Value
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Emotion occurs because of a combination of arousal and cognitive ability. Ability to adapt to unexpected changes. Ability to anticipate helps you survive.
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ITPRA
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5 categories of expectancy response:
Pre-Event: Imagination: imagine emotion without actually having it Tension: right before event happens; physiological Post-Event: Prediction: whether or not you predicted correctly Reaction to emotion Appraisal: cognitive reaction |
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Multiple Mechanism Theory
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Six mechanisms that give rise to emotion:
Brain Stem reaction: pre-cognitive emotion Emotional Contagion: Perceiving emotion can induce emotion Visual Imagery: slow ascending passage=sunrise Episodic Memory: makes you remember Musical Expectancy: Event violation |
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Brain Stem Reaction
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Primitive reflex.
Pre-cognitive emotion; immediate |
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Evaluative Conditioning
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Associate music with parts of our life. (ie. Happy birthday)
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Emotional Contagion
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Perceive emotions of people around us. (laughter is contagious)
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Episodic Memory
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Music reminds you of a memory
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Musical Expectancy
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Event violation
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Cross-Modal Studies
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Using multiple mediums (video and audio)
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Mood-Congruent Stimuli
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Mood of one stimuli is the same as another (ie. sad song and sad movie)
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Cognitivist vs. Emotivist Position
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Cognitivist: We don't feel, we just recognize that we have emotions
Emotivist: We feel emotions from music and our body reacts to those emotions (ie. chills) |
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Chromatic Mediant
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Expecting 5 to go to 6, but instead it goes to b6. Chromatically inflected
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Frisson
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Chills
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Musical Humor
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Deriving humor from violations of musical expectations
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Prediction Effect
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We derive pleasure from having our expectations fulfilled
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Veridical Expectation or Surprise
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Expectations based on prior experience with a piece of music.
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Schematic Expectation or Surprise
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Violation of expectation derived from general musical knowledge
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Dynamic Expectation or Surprise
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Listener's expectation violated by composer
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Mozart Effect
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If you listen to Mozart, you will become smarter.
Rauscher Bullshit |
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Blur Effect
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Not just Mozart, but listening to any enjoyable music will increase spatial reasoning.
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PF&C Test
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Paper folding and cutting test. Predict spatially where cuts will go.
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Arousal Effect
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Any type of musical arousal will improve spatial ability
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Correlation and Causation
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Relationship between 2 variables vs. one causes the other
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Auditory Imagery
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Song stuck in head
Hybben and Palmer: sitting at keyboard, but not getting any audio output |
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Motor Imagery
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Just imagining moving fingers
Just listening to the piece |
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Covert Practice
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Internal; doesn't allow motor movements or audio stimuli. Not effective for learning music.
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Serial Ordering Errors
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When learning a piece, as you get further from the beginning, there are more and more errors.
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Cascade Model of Processing
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When reading music, you read a little ahead. Retrieve info from memory and plan motor activity at the same time.
Interaction between retrieval and motor |
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Microstructural Detail
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Subtle changes added by performer: dynamics, rubato, tempo, etc.
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Expressive Timing
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Alteration of note duration or timing of note release to portray emotional affect
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Musical "Switches"
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Confusing A with A' and accidentally going into the wrong section of music
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Adjudicator Bias
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Audience has preconceived expectations of how good a performance will be based on professional status, dress, gender, etc.
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Musical Savants
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People who have low cognitive ability, but exceptional musical abilities.
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