Bcps - Pharmacoeconomics

Front 1

ECHO stands for?

Back 1

Economic, Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes

Front 2

Define Pharmacoeconomics

Back 2

the descriptions and analysis of the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical and pharm services and its effect on the individ., health care systems, and society

Front 3

Economic outcomes focuses on what?

Back 3

The direct, indirect, and intagible costs compared with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives

Front 4

Humanistic outcomes focuses on what?

Back 4

Consequnces of disease or treatment on patient functional status, or quality of life.

Front 5

Clinical outcomes focuses on what?

Back 5

medical events that occur as a result of disease or treatment

Front 6

What is the difference between direct medical and nonmedical costs?

Back 6

Direct Medical costs - cost incurred for for medical prodcuts and services used for the prevention, detection, and treatment of a disease.

Direct non-medical - cost for nonmedical services that are a RESULT of a disease or illness, but do NOT require purchasing of medical serivces

Front 7

Pharmacoecomnic evaluation is based on ____

Back 7

balancing consequences and and costs

Front 8

Define indirect costs

Back 8

Costs that results form morbidity and mortality
Morbidity - incurred from missing work which is lost of productivity
Mortality - costs due to premature death

Front 9

Distinguish between positive and negative consequences of economic assessments?

Back 9

Postive consequences may translate into life years gained, disability days avoided, health and well-being.

Negative consequences included harmful side effect, exacerbations of the disease, drub toxicty, treatment failure, and death

Front 10

How is internediate consequences difference from final consequence?

Back 10

Intermediate are used to demonstraet clinical efficacy becuase their uses helps to lessen the costs and time reuqired to perform a clinical trials.

Also used in cost-effectiveness analyses predictive of final consequences of interest.

Front 11

What is the difference between partial and full economic evalauations?

Back 11

Full economic evaluation examine the cost of consequences of the entire program and treamtent - usually comparing one more treatment alternatives.

Partial eval include a simple tabluation of the outcomes or resrouces consumed.

Front 12

Give an example of a partial evaluation?

Back 12

1. Cost Analyses
2. Efficacy evaluations
3. Cost - outcome analysis

Front 13

Define Cost MInimization Analysis

Back 13

Only compares the costs benefits of therapeutic treatments; its job is to find the least costly treatment alternative. It is assumed that they are therapeutically equivalent. If equivalency can't be established, another method should be used.

Front 14

Define Cost of Illness

Back 14

Measures the direct and indirect cost of a particular diease or illness

Front 15

Define Cost-Benefit Analysis

Back 15

Compares the costs of benefits of alternative treatments and programs. Expressed as a cost - to -benefits ratio.

Front 16

What is the difference between direct medical and nonmedical costs?

Back 16

Direct Medical costs - cost incurred for for medical prodcuts and services used for the prevention, detection, and treatment of a disease.

Direct non-medical - cost for nonmedical services that are a RESULT of a disease or illness, but do NOT require purchasing of medical serivces

Front 17

Pharmacoecomnic evaluation is based on ____

Back 17

balancing consequences and and costs

Front 18

Define indirect costs

Back 18

Costs that results form morbidity and mortality
Morbidity - incurred from missing work which is lost of productivity
Mortality - costs due to premature death

Front 19

Distinguish between positive and negative consequences of economic assessments?

Back 19

Postive consequences may translate into life years gained, disability days avoided, health and well-being.

Negative consequences included harmful side effect, exacerbations of the disease, drub toxicty, treatment failure, and death

Front 20

How is internediate consequences difference from final consequence?

Back 20

Intermediate are used to demonstraet clinical efficacy becuase their uses helps to lessen the costs and time reuqired to perform a clinical trials.

Also used in cost-effectiveness analyses predictive of final consequences of interest.

Front 21

What is the difference between partial and full economic evalauations?

Back 21

Full economic evaluation examine the cost of consequences of the entire program and treamtent - usually comparing one more treatment alternatives.

Partial eval include a simple tabluation of the outcomes or resrouces consumed.

Front 22

Give an example of a partial evaluation?

Back 22

1. Cost Analyses
2. Efficacy evaluations
3. Cost - outcome analysis

Front 23

Define Cost MInimization Analysis

Back 23

Only compares the costs benefits of therapeutic treatments; its job is to find the least costly treatment alternative. It is assumed that they are therapeutically equivalent. If equivalency can't be established, another method should be used.

Front 24

Define Cost of Illness

Back 24

Measures the direct and indirect cost of a particular diease or illness

Front 25

Define Cost-Benefit Analysis

Back 25

Compares the costs of benefits of alternative treatments and programs. Expressed as a cost - to -benefits ratio.

Front 26

Cost effectiveness analysis

Back 26

Method to compare alternatives, or programs where cost is measured in monetary terms and consequences are measured in units.

Front 27

Define Cost-Utility analysis (CUA)

Back 27

An anylsis that adjusts (reduces) future costs and consequences to reflect present fiscal values

Front 28

How is CUA normally expressed?

Back 28

It's expressed and cost per QALY gained, or some other health state utility measurement.

Front 29

What are the different techniques for Analysis?

Back 29

Discounting
Sensitivity Analysis
Decision Analysis
Incremental Cost Analysis

Front 30

What type of analysis would be performed to help manage uncertainty in an economic evaluation? To help reveal a threshold value for changing a drug-use decision?

Back 30

Sensitivity Analysis

Front 31

When should discounting be performed?

Back 31

f the cots and consequences of program and treatment alternatives accrue during different periods within one year.

Front 32

Define decision analysis

Back 32

It's a technique often used in pharmacoeconomic evaluations to structure the logical and chronological order of the analysis

Front 33

Describe Incremental Cost Analysis

Back 33

Focus on the additional costs and additional clinical outcomes of alternative strategies

Used to answer the question, "Is the extra effoert woth the extra cost?"

Front 34

When making decisions based on Medicaid or Medicare formulary, which perspectives should be the dominant one?

Back 34

The government or societal perspective'

Front 35

Who perspective should be considered when discussing a drug's quality of life and co-payment costs?

Back 35

The Patient's perspective

Front 36

Whose perspective is dominant in countries with a nationalized medical system?

Back 36

Society's perspective

Front 37

The science of testing questionnaires to measure attributes of individuals is called what?

Back 37

Psychometrics

Front 38

What are the 2 psychometric properties that must be included in any measurement scale or instrument?

Back 38

Reliability - relationship between variation and random error

Validity - the extent to which differences in scale scores reflect the true difference in the individuals studied.

Front 39

What are 2 practical concerns of the critics o use of HRQOL assessments in individual patient care?

Back 39

1. respondent burden
2. reliability of scores obtained form shorter questionnaires