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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shaping involves:
a) Reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior b) Creating response differentiation between responses that are closer to the terminal behavior and those that are not c) Placing responses that are not a closer approximation of the terminal behavior on extinction d) All of these |
d) All of these
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Which of the following is an example of shaping an individual to swing a golf club correctly (i.e., take the appropriate backswing, swing the club down to the ball, and follow through with the swing)?
a) Stand behind the person and physically help make the correct golf swing. Over time, slowly provide less physical assistance until the individual makes a correct swing independently. b) Start with verbal prompts to do each step. If this is not effective, provide a model. If this is not effective, provide some physical assistance. If this is not effective, stand behind the person and help the person make the correct golf swing. c) Provide positive reinforcement for any swing that resembles a golf swing. Then, provide reinforcement for closer and closer approximations of a correct golf swing and withhold reinforcement for poorer approximations of a correct golf swing. d) None of these is an example of shaping. |
c) Provide positive reinforcement for any swing that resembles a golf swing. Then, provide reinforcement for closer and closer approximations of a correct golf swing and withhold reinforcement for poorer approximations of a correct golf swing.
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Response differentiation involves what two components?
a) Differential reinforcement and changing the criterion for reinforcement b) Punishment and extinction c) Prompting and differential reinforcement d) Extinction and changing the criterion for reinforcement |
a) Differential reinforcement and changing the criterion for reinforcement
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Ms. Anita Response wants to increase the number of words Sophie writes in her stories during creative writing time. She uses shaping to do so. What dimension of behavior is she shaping?
a) Amplitude b) Frequency c) Duration d) Latency |
b) Frequency
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An example of shaping within a response topography is:
a) Increasing the number of math problems an individual needs to complete during math class b) Increasing the duration of in-seat behavior during seatwork time c) Increasing the force of a tennis swing d) All of these are examples of shaping within a response topography |
d) All of these are examples of shaping within a response topography
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The text gives an example of shaping gum chewing, where first lip movement received reinforcement, then lip movements with sound, then saying the word "gum," and finally, saying "Gum please." This is an example of:
a) Shaping within a response topography. b) Shaping across different response topographies. c) Shaping the magnitude of a response. d) Shaping the duration of a response. |
b) Shaping across different response topographies.
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Shaping can be a slow, time-consuming process. What is one way to effectively speed up the process?
a) Add a punishment contingency for incorrect responses. b) Each time you increase the criteria for reinforcement, do so by larger increments. c) Model the desired response for the individual. d) All of these are effective ways to make shaping more efficient. |
c) Model the desired response for the individual.
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When is adding a prompt to the shaping process something to consider?
a) When the individual is progressing through the shaping procedure quickly. b) When the individual has mastered the terminal behavior. c) When the individual's repertoire is weak and the likelihood of making a successive approximation is low. d) When you have limited staff and resources to implement the shaping procedure. |
c) When the individual's repertoire is weak and the likelihood of making a successive approximation is low.
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What is meant by the statement that progress in shaping is rarely linear and often erratic?
a) Most individuals are unsuccessful in shaping new responses. b) The amount of time it may take to shape a behavior is often unpredictable. c) Sometimes individuals may exceed your criteria for reinforcement, making closer approximations than you had expected. d) Sometimes individuals may get "stuck" on a response and have to "back up" to a previously-learned approximation before making process. This can slow the process down more than expected. e) All of these f) None of these |
e) All of these
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One of the guidelines for effective shaping is to carefully define the terminal behavior and the criteria for successfully engaging in the terminal behavior. Effective ways for deciding what the criteria for success are:
a) Read the research literature to see if there are published norms and guidelines available for the behavior you are trying to shape. b) Observe competent peers to see how well they perform the task, and set your criteria according to their performance level. c) Both of these are ways to determine the criteria for success. d) Neither of these are appropriate ways to determine criteria for success. |
c) Both of these are ways to determine the criteria for success.
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