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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stimulus generalization |
New stimulus to evoke behaviors or responses similar to those elicited from another stimulusrea same behavior -loose stimulus control -within stimulus class ex: all shades of green, |
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response cost |
-loss of specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a bx -moderate to rapid decrease in behavior 2 kinds: -direct fine: VP losing a dollar that he already earned for having a loud voice -bonus response cost: starting with 25 tokens, removing token each time bx we want to decrease occurs |
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response class |
a group of responses that produce the same effect in the environment. -several behaviors that have the same function ex: hitting and screaming to escape work |
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feature stimulus class |
stimuli that share common physical forms or structures, also can share common relative relationships physical (topography): blue, 4 legs, made of wood, round relative relationships: hotter than, colder than, bigger than, higher than |
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ontogenetic |
learning the results from interactions in the environment -how environmental changes an individual over life -development of organisms based on experiences with contingencies that result in reinforcement or punishment
ex: speeding and getting a speeding ticket |
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two types of behavior |
respondent: reflexes. “ready made” no learning required. elicited as a function of previous pairing of neutral stimulus and unconditioned response, or biologically relevant stimulus (elicited) operant: behavior that is influenced by events that follow it. (reinforcement and punishment) (evoked) |
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Resistance to Extinction |
1. Long history of reinforcement 2. Intermittent Schedules 3. High Quality Reinforcer 4. Large Amount of Reinforcer 5. Response requiring little effort 6. Number of previous extinction trials (relates to intermittent schedules) |
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Identity Matching-to-Sample |
Sample & Comparison stimuli are physically identical (MTS) is a widely used procedure in studies of concept learning. MTS procedures generally involve the presentation of a sample stimulus along with two or more comparison stimuli. a response to the comparison stimulus that is physically identical to the sample is reinforced (S+) and a response to any non-identical comparison is not (S−). |
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4 Branches of Behavior Analysis |
CASE Conceptual Analysis of Behavior Applies Analysis of Behavior Behavior Service Delivery Experimental Analysis of Bx |
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Generalization Gradient |
AKA: Stimulus Generalization Gradient A Graph of the extent of which bx has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stiumulo Flat Slope = little stimulus control Increasing Slope = more stimulus control |
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Stimulus Discrimination |
New stimuli do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus -tight stimulus control -Between/Across stimulus classes Example: Green vs other colors |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
Bx diminished during extinction reoccurs even though bx does not produce reinforcement |
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3 Parts of Stimulus Equivalence |
RST Reflexivity Symmetry Transitivity |
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Experimentation |
Basic strategy of most sciences Requires manipulative variables to see effects on DV Experiment to determine if one event causes another |
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Respondent Bx |
AKA Reflex, reflexive relations, unconditioned, US-UR Elicited Involuntary Reflex Habituation |
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Can responses in the same response class look different? |
Yes. Can widely vary in form but are limited in topographical variations |
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Stimulus Class |
A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class Group members of a stimulus class tend to evoke or abate the same bx or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions |
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Observation/Contingent Observation |
Individual is re-positioned in room, so they can observe everything, but not participate |
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Overcorrection |
2 types: 1. Restitution overcorrection: repair environment better than original state 2. positive practice overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a certain amount of time or a certain number of times. |
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Analytic |
AKA: Functional relation, experimentation, control, causation A functional relation is demonstrated. |
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Generality |
AKA: Generalization Extends bx change across time, settings, or other bxs. |
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Effective |
Improves bx in a practical manner |
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Conceptually Systematic |
Procedures should be based on principles of ABA
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Applied |
Socially Significant bxs
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Behavioral |
Observable events. Must be a bx in need of improvement
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Philosophical Doubt |
Having healthy skepticism & a critical eye. A true scientist maintains doubt and seeks the truth through scientific means. An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned. |
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automatic reinforcement |
AKA: sensory, self-stimulatory bxs, stereotypy Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others Because it feels good! Warning!! What looks like automatic reinforcement (i.e. hand flapping) might not be |
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ABA |
A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant bx & for developing a technology of bx change that is practical & applicable.
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Stimulus |
physical events that affect the bx of an individual.
internal or external to the individual an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells |
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Consequences |
Only affect FUTURE bx Consequences select response classes, NOT individual responses. Immediate consequences have the greatest effect. |
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Response |
a single instance of bx |
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environment |
complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance.
all bx occurs within an environmental context |
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arbitrary stimulus class |
Stimuli that evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship.
LIMITED number of stimuli developed through stimulus equivalence. |
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7 Dimensions of ABA |
GETACAB Generality Effective Technological Applied Conceptually Systematic Analytic Behavioral |
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Parsimony |
all simple & logical explanations must be ruled out first before complex explanations |
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technological |
procedures are clear & precise so they are reliable. RECIPE |
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Control |
AKA: Causation Functional Relation The highest level of scientific understanding. Experimental demonstration that manupulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV) |
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Determinism
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Cause & effect Lawfulness Orderly & predictable |
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Prediction |
AKA: Correlation, covariation 2 events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not mean one causes the other. |
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Stimulus Delta |
AKA: S^ Stimulus that tells us that reinforcement is not available or has NOT received reinforcement in the past. |
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Stimulus Discrimination Training |
AKA: Discrimination Training
A Procedure where responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition (SD) and NOT in the presence of other (S^) |
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Matching to Sample |
Selecting a comparison stimulus corresponding to a sample stimulus |
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Generalized Conditioned Punishers |
AKA: Generalized Punisher A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with many unconditioned & conditioned punishers -Does NOT depend on an MO for its effectiveness |
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Negative Punishment Procedures |
Response Cost Time-Out |
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Aversive Control |
Positive Punishment & Negative Reinforcement Refers to the use of an aversive outcome, such as punishment or negative reinforcement, to control behavior, and eliminate undesirable behavior Example: "The parent used aversive control on his or her teenager by adding a chore each time another chore was not completed in a timely manner." |
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3 types of extinction |
PAN Positive Reinforcement Automatic Reinforcement (AKA Sensory Extinction) Negative Reinforcement (AKA Escape Extinction) |
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Stimulus Equivalence |
Emergence of accurate responding to un-trained & non-reinforced Stimulus to stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus to stimulus relations. If A=B, B=C, then A=C |
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Non-Exclusionary Time-Out |
Individual not removed from space. Preferred over exclusionary bc it is less restrictive. 4 types: -planned ignoring/ignoring -withdrawal of a specific positive reinfocer -observation/contingent observatoin - ribbon/time-out ribbon |
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conditional discrimination |
only if the particular antecedent stimuli are present and accompanied by particular additional stimuli, then you reinforce that response. -Role of one SD is conditional on the presence of another SD. -4 term contingency, (conditional stimuli --> antecedent stimuli --> response --> consequence) -different contexts can change effects of discriminative stimuli |
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3 principles of behavior |
PER Punishment Extinction Reinforcement All strategies are derived from these 3 priciples |
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Habituation |
Eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly that respondent bx diminishes A reduction, over repeated presentations, in the respondent behavior elicited by a stimulus. occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short - and long - term reinforcers are maxed and short dashed and long - term punishers are minimized. ... Holds that only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change. |
