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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma
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papillary carcinoma
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what is the MOA of ergot alklaloids
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block 5HT2 receptors to cause vasoconstriction
ergotamine, methysergide |
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what is the MOA of the -triptan drugs?
(sumatriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan, zolmitriptan, etc) |
stimulate 5HT1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction
sumatriptan is the big one avoid use w other serotonin drugs ..or may get serotonin syndrome |
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what is the MOA of the -setron drugs
(ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron etc) |
block 5HT3 receptors to prevent Nause and vomiting
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what is the MOA of metoclopramide
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5HT4 agonist to prevent vomiting
(5H4 in gut increases GI motility) |
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MOA of buspirone
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5HT1 agonist - used to treat anxiety
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MOA of bromocriptine
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Dopamine receptor agonist
(increase D2, decreases prolactin) major use is for hyperprolactinemia, also used in Tplant pt's to suppress T cells (prolactin stimulates T cells) |
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loops like furosemide and torsemide are contraindicated in people with what allergy
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sulfa allergy
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AEs of loops
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hypoK
hyperuricemia hypoCa (thiazides = hyperCa) alkalosis (body tries to reabsorb the K you're dumping by exchanging it for H on the way out the tube) |
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triamterine and amiloride = what are they and MOA?
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potassium sparing diuretics
block Na/K exchange in late distal tubule and collecting duct |
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what are the osmotic agents
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mannitol and urea
grab h20 as they filter through the kidney - used in ARF, maintain urine flow following toxic ingestions, and decrease ICP |
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where do we see michaelis gutman bodies?
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michaelis gutman bodies seen in malakoplakia
malakoplakia - soft yellow plaques in bladder mucosa. composed of foamy macrophages and MN giant cells w concretions (these are the michaelis gutman bodies) |
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what is the most common site of hyperplasia of the prostate
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anteromedial
this anteromedial portion is estrogen sensitive |
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what is the most common area of adenocarcinoma of the prostate
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posterolateral
this posterolateral portion is androgen sensitive |
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alpha blockers and finasteride are used to tx what
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BPH
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what are the typical causative agents of acute and chronic prostatitis?
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acute - bacterial, usually gram negatives like e coli
chronic - usually non bacterial, but can be chlamydia Dx w urine Cx and tx w Abx if bacterial |
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what kind of cancer is prostate cancer
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adenocarcinoma
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what do we use to determine the grade of prostate cancer
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gleeson score
score range 2-10...the higher = worse Px |
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where does prostate cancer like to met to?
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BONEs...osteoblastic lesions
mets via lymph or blood |
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what rib corresponds to the sternal angle
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rib 2
sternal angle is at T4 |
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when you suck on my nipple, what dermatome do you activate
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T4
easy 4 me to get off when you suck my nipple THATS RIGHT |
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what are the attachments of the diaphragm
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xiphoid, ribs 6-12 on either side, bodies and interverterbral discs of L1-L3
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primary motion of T spine is
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rotation
upper T spine - rot, F/E, SB lower T spine - F/E, SB, rot |
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what is mullers muscle
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elevates eyelid - SNS innervation
levator palpebrae also elevates eyelid - CN III |
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what are the mm of the tongue
what CN innervates all 3 |
genioglossus
styloglossus hyoglossus CN XII |
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what does genioglossus muscle do
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sticks tongue out
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what does styloglossus muscle do
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pulls tongue in and up
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what does hyoglossus muscle do
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pulls tongue down
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damage to left CN XII manifests how in the tongue
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tongue will point to the side of the CN damage (L in this case)
genioglossus mm of healthy side becomes dominant |
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what CN provides taste to tongue
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anterior 2/3 - CN VII
posterior 1/3 - IX |
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what CN provide touch/temp to tongue
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anterior 2/3 - V3
posterior 1/3 - IX |
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how many CNs provide sensory input to tongue
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3
V3, VII, IX |
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which muscle retracts the mandible
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temporalis
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which mm opens mouth, protrudes mandible, AND laterall displaces mandible
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lateral pterygoid
only mm of mastication to open mouth |
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what are the mm of mastication
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teMporalis, Masseter, Medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
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what do the digastric and geniohyoid muscles do
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open mouth
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all the muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except which mm ...what is IT's innervation?
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cricothyroid - superior laryngeal nerve
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the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around which structure
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aortic arch
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the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around which structure
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right subclavian artery
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what is the function of the cricothyroid mm?
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tighten vocal cord (superior laryngeal nerve)
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what is the function of the thyroarytenoid mm?
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relax vocal cord (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
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what is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid mm?
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close glottis (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
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what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid mm?
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open glottis (recurrent laryngeal nerve)
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what nerve provides sensation ABOVE the glottis?
sensation BELOW the glottis? |
sensation ABOVE - superior laryngeal
sensation BELOW - recurrent laryngeal |
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innervation of pec major?
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C5-T1
adducts shoulder |
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main shoulder abductors?
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first 60 degrees deltoid, then serratus anterior
deltoid - axillary n serratus anterior - long thoracic |
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what mm anteverts shoulder?
retroverts? |
antevert - deltoid - axillary n
retrovert - teres major - subscapular nerve |
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what muscle causes outward rotation of shoulder?
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infraspinatus - suprascapular nerve
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what muscle causes inward rotation of shoulder?
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subscapularis - subscapular nerve
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muscles of rotator cuff?
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SItS
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis |
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nerves of the brachial plexus?
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C5-T1
c5-c6 - upper trunk c7 - middle trunk c8 - T1 - lower trunk posterior cord - c7..axillary and radial nerve |
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upper brachial plexus injury presents as
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waiters tip position, erbs
c5, c6 injured musculocutaneous |
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posterior cord injury presents as
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wrist drop, using crutches for too long
radial nerve injury |
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injury to lower brachial plexus presents as
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claw hand, klumpke palsy (pull arm during birth)
ulnar nerve injury - c8-t1 |
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pronator teres innervates by?
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median n
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the lateral epicondyle is the origin of which group of muscles?
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forearm extensors
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how does a leg present in a femur neck Fx?
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leg abducted and externally rotated
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what nerve innervates adductor magnus and minimus?
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obturator
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an injured common peroneal nerve leads to what presentation?
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loss of dorsiflexion --> footdrop
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injury to tibial nerve leads to what presentation?
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cannot plantarflex foot and toes
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cobalt OD produces what tell tale sign when you lavage the Pt?
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pink gastric lavage
long term sequelae = dilated cardiomyopathy |
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SSx of benzene toxicity
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severe BM damage, wine urine
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SSx vinyl chloride toxicity
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portal vein fibrosis = recurrent exposure
chronic exposure = angiosarcoma of liver |
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anxious Pt presents w cherry red lips...you suspect
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CO poisioning
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india ink is the stain for what organism
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cryptococcus
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all bacteria have a cell wall except which one?
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mycoplasma
has a cholesterol membrane |
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all bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls except which two?
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chlamydia
mycoplasma |
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teichoic acid is found in which bacteria
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gram positive - thick peptidoglycan cell wall
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LPS/endotoxin found in which bacteria
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gram negative - think peptidoglycan cell wall w an outer membrane containing LPS....a component of LPS is lipid A, which is endotoxin
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what makes up mycobacteria's waxy cell wall
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mycolic acid
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what molecule is fond in spores, allowing them to survive 1000s of years bc they don't dry out
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dipicolinic acid
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the buzzwords hypopigmented ash leaf patches, leathery cutaneous shagreen spots, and adenoma sebaceum of the face should make you think
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tuberous sclerosis
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clinical Sx that differentiates cutaneous porphyria tarda from the other porphyrias is?
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NO abdominal pain (the others have abd pn)
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what does cutaneous porphyria tarda urine look like under woods lamp
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woods lamp shows urine fluoresces w distinctive orange-pink color due to increase levels of uroporphyrins
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