Bbc Microbiology-Fungi And Parasites

Front 1

What fungi cause ringworm and tinea?

Back 1

Epiddermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum

Front 2

What fungus causes tinea versicolor and is in the hyphae form?

Back 2

Malassezia furfur/Pityrosporum orbiculare/Pityrosporum ovale

Front 3

Describe the organism and the disease that is caused by a "cigar-shaped" budding yeast.

Back 3

-Sporothrix shenkii
-Sporotrichosis, contracted by a puncture wound by plants, such as a rosethorn

Front 4

What are the two different diseases that Coccidioides immitis can cause?

Back 4

-in immunocompromised: Coccidioidomycosis-->once in inhaled, dissemination to bones, skin, and CNS
-in normal immune individuals: fever, cough, arthralgias, with positive skin test

Front 5

What does Coccidioides immitis look like under microscope?

Back 5

Large spherule with multiple round endospores

Front 6

What does histoplasmosis look like under the microscope?

Back 6

Small oval budding yeast (dimorphic fungus)

Front 7

What kind of disease does histoplasmosis cause?

Back 7

-Symptoms like pulmonary TB, and then spreads to liver and spleen, heals by calcification

Front 8

What environments is histoplasmosis found?

Back 8

-In Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, with highest number in Tennessee
-lives in soil that is rich with bird droppings, particularly starlings

Front 9

What does blastomycosis look like under a microscope?

Back 9

-dimorphic fungus: single, thick broad based buds

Front 10

What are the opportunistic fungal infections?

Back 10

Cryptococcosis
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis

Front 11

What does cyptococcus neoformans look like under the microscope?

Back 11

Monomorphic: yeast that may develop pseudohyphae in tissue

Front 12

How can cryptoccocus be contracted?

Back 12

-In immunocompromised individual who inhales bird, especially pigeon, droppings

Front 13

Describe candidiasis.

Back 13

Monomorphic fungus: yeast which produce germtubes and pseudohyphae during infections

Front 14

Describe aspergillosis.

Back 14

monomorphic fungus: V-shaped septate hyphae-->dichromatous acute-angle branching hyphae

Front 15

Describe mucormycosis.

Back 15

monomophic fungus: mold-->non-septate hyphae with right-angled branches

Front 16

Who is especially at risk for mucormycosis?

Back 16

Patients with DKA, burns, leukemia

Front 17

What are the only life cycle stage of malarial organisms that can enter RBCs?

Back 17

-merozoites

Front 18

What RBCs does Plasmodium falciparium attack?

Back 18

infects RBCs of all ages and at all stages.

Front 19

What is the vector for Babesia?

Back 19

tick

Front 20

What kind of penumonia does PCP cause and how does it appear on chest x-ray?

Back 20

-diffuse interstial pneumonia
-ground glass appearance

Front 21

What is the vector and treatment for Leishmania donovani?

Back 21

-sandfly
-Stibogluconate

Front 22

What is the presentation of Leishmania donovani?

Back 22

-causes Kala-Azar and Black Sickness
-goes to the RES to cause pancytopenia and splenomegaly
-if untreated, GI bleeding, intermittent fever, weight loss, hyperpigmentation

Front 23

What organism causes Chagas disease?

Back 23

-Trypanosoma cruzi
-contracted by the bite of reduviid bug (kissing bug)

Front 24

What are the symptoms associated with Chagas disease?

Back 24

-facial edema-->focal nodule
-2 mos later: arrythmias or CHF or toxic megacolon or megaesophagus with achalasia

Front 25

What is the treatment for Chagas disease?

Back 25

Nifurtimox

Front 26

What are the two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?

Back 26

gambiense-->west Africa
rhodesiense-->east Africa
**both cause African Sleeping Sickness

Front 27

How is Trypnosoma brucei spread?

Back 27

Tse-Tse fly

Front 28

What is the treatment for African Sleeping Sickness?

Back 28

-Suramin or Pentamidine if prior to encephalitis stage
-Melarsoprol +/- prednisone or Eflornithine if the patient is already in the encephalopathic stage

Front 29

Contrast the location of infection of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia.

Back 29

Entamoeba-->colon
Giardia-->small intestine

Front 30

What kind of infection does Cryptosporidium cause?

Back 30

Severe diarrhea in immunocompromised via infection of small intestine

Front 31

Nematodes are also known as

Back 31

roundworms

Front 32

Platyheminthes or flatworms can be divided into what two categories?

Back 32

Trematodes (flukes)
Cestadoes (tapeworms)

Front 33

Where does Sch. mansoni settle and what is a feature of its egg?

Back 33

-Settles in veins of the colon
-egg has large lateral spine

Front 34

Where does Sch. japonicum settle and what is a feature of its egg?

Back 34

-Settles in veins of small intestine (+/- liver)
-Small lateral spine

Front 35

Where does Sch. hematobium settle and what is a feature of its egg?

Back 35

-Settles in veins of bladder
-large terminal spine

Front 36

Where does Clonorchis sinensis settle?

Back 36

-settles in liver, bile ducts

Front 37

Where does Paragonimus westermani settle?

Back 37

-settles in lung

Front 38

What is the route of all Schistosomas?

Back 38

-skin-->blood-->arterial circulation-->liver to mature-->migrate to preferred mesenteric vessel

Front 39

What does chronic clonorchis infection lead to?

Back 39

can lead to cholangiocarcinoma

Front 40

What can chronic paragonimus infection lead to?

Back 40

recurrent secondary bacterial pneumonia

Front 41

Which form of taenia solium is deadly vs. benign (for the most part)?

Back 41

larvae=benign if ingested, usually asymptomatic
eggs=deadly because they hatch and migrate and cause cysticercosis

Front 42

What is taenia saginata?

Back 42

"beef tapeworm"
causes malaise and mild cramps

Front 43

What does infection with the fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, cause?

Back 43

B12 deficiency because it consumes it

Front 44

What is the most common tapeworm in the US?

Back 44

Hymenolepsis nana

Front 45

What is known as the dog tapeworm?

Back 45

Echinococcus granulosus

Front 46

What roundworm causes pinworms?

Back 46

Enterobius vermicularis-->most common helminth in US

Front 47

Describe the infectious cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.

Back 47

Ingest eggs, hatch in small intestine, larve go through gut wall to lungs, cough them up and swallow, again to SI, migrate to colon, produce eggs that pass to stool

Front 48

What is the American hookworm?

Back 48

Necator americanus

Front 49

For who is Strongyloides most concerning?

Back 49

-Immunocompromised-->mutliorgan infection
-most others asymptomatic or watery diarrhea and pneumonitis

Front 50

Describe infection with Trichinella spiralis.

Back 50

Fever, myaligia, perioribital edema, eosinophilia, +/- CNS and cardiac symptoms

Front 51

How is infection with Trichinella obtained?

Back 51

-eating raw or undercooked pork, BEAR or seal

Front 52

What does infection with Wucheria bancrofti cause and what is its vector?

Back 52

Vector: mosquito
Causes filiariasis-->massive lymph node obstruction with limb edema and elephantiasis

Front 53

What is the vector for Onchocerca volvulus? What does it cause?

Back 53

Vector: blackfly
Causes onchocerciasis or river blindness
Tx: Doxycycline then Invermectin

Front 54

What roundworm "literally makes your skin crawl"?

Back 54

-Dranunculus medinensis
-caused by ingesting miniature crustaceans in drinking water

Front 55

What is the DOC for most flatworms-->cestodes(tapeworms) and trematodes(flukes)?

Back 55

Praziquantel

Front 56

What is the DOC for most nematode (roundworm) infections?

Back 56

albendazole or mebendazole

Front 57

What is the DOC for Strongyloides stercoralis?

Back 57

Ivermectin

Front 58

What is the DOC for roundworm infections in kids?

Back 58

Ivermectin (mebenzadole and albendazole contraindicated in kids under 2)

Front 59

How is cscysticercosis contracted?

Back 59

-From taenia solium vis ORAL-FECAL transmission
-one person eats undercooked pork, contracts the larvae, makes the eggs, and then poops them out, passes them to others, either via sewage or otherwise

Front 60

What is the cysticercus comprised of?

Back 60

comprised of a fluid-filled bladder with an invaginated scolex (worm head)

Front 61

Infection with Echinococcus granulosus (contracted via water or food contaminated with dog feces) can cause what?

Back 61

- A resulting hydatid cyst can form intracerebrally to cause headache & seizures; but each cyst is a fluid-filled cyst containing thousands of scoleces (not just one).

Front 62

What banana-shaped conidia and septate hyphae grows in neutropenic patients, specifically in areas such as around an indwelling catheter?

Back 62

Fusarium solani

Front 63

What is the drug of choice for Fusarium solani?

Back 63

Amphotericin B

Front 64

What uncommon mold affects immunocompromised patients, and tends to grow in necrotic tissues. On culture, it demonstrates pear-shaped conidia and septate hyphae?

Back 64

Pseudoallescheria boydii

Front 65

Describe isospora belli.

Back 65

-This is a parasite more common to tropical areas or to areas of poor sanitation. It causes isosporiasis: prolonged watery diarrhea, malaise, often fever, along with abdominal pain & weight loss. It can be fatal in HIV(+) persons.
-Stool O&P demonstrates extremely large oval-shaped oocysts