Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
DOC for rheumatoid arthritis
|
aspirin
|
|
|
most common complication of MI in the first 24 hours
|
arrhythmia
|
|
|
heart sound assx with CHF
|
S3 (excess volume causes rapid filling of the ventricle slamming against the wall during diastole)
|
|
|
tricuspid and mitral valve closing (sound)
|
S1
|
|
|
aortic and pulmonic valve closing (sound)
|
S2
|
|
|
S3 signifies
|
CHF
|
|
|
S4 signifies
|
stiff ventricle (due to MI or hypertrophy)
|
|
|
recurrent chest pain
syncopal events shortness of breath |
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
maneuver to increase the heart sound assx with aortic stenosis (harsh systolic murmur)
|
passively raise leg (increases preload and increases amount of blood hitting the stenotic valve)
|
|
|
hypersegemented neutrophils on blood smear
|
megaloblastic anemia
|
|
|
defective enzyme in albinism
|
tyrosinase
|
|
|
defective enzyme in phenylketonuria
|
phenylalanine hydroxylase (mental retardation)
|
|
|
defective enzyme in alkaptonuria
|
homogentisate oxidase (arthritis[ochronosis])
|
|
|
defective enzyme in maple syrup disease
|
branched chain decarboxylase (hyperreflexia)
|
|
|
defective enzyme in homocystinuria
|
cystathionine synthetase (mental retardation)
|
|
|
dermatitis
dementia diarrhea |
pellagra (niacin deficiency)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in fructosuria
|
fructokinase (harmless)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in fructose intolerance
|
aldolase B (liver failure)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in galactosemia
|
uridyltransferase (mental retardation)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke disease
|
glucose 6 phosphatase (hypoglycemia)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in pompe disease
|
alpa-glucosidase (cardiac failure <2yo)
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency in McArdle disease
|
sk. muscle glycogen phosphorylase (weakness)
|
|
|
normal pathway of glycogen to glucose
|
glycogen
glucose 1-P glucose 6-P glucose |
|
|
corneal clouding
mental retardation |
hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidoses)
|
|
|
corneal clouding
normal IQ |
Scheie syndrome (mucopolysaccharidoses)
|
|
|
no corneal clouding
mental retardation |
hunter syndrome (muchopolysaccharidoses)
|
|
|
essential fatty acids
|
linoleic acid
arachadonic acid |
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in Niemann-Pick sphingolipidoses
|
spingomyelinase/sphingomyelin
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in Gaucher sphingolipidoses
|
beta-glucosidase/glucocerebrosides
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in krabbe sphingolipidoses
|
beta-glactosidase/galactocerebrosides
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in metachromic leukodystrophy (sphingolipidoses)
|
arylsulatase/sulfatides
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in fabry sphingolipidoses
|
alpha-glactosidase/globosides
|
|
|
enzyme deficiency and accumulation product in tay-sachs sphingolipidoses
|
hexosaminidase/gangliosides
|
|
|
x-linked sphingolipidoses
|
fabry
|
|
|
lead poisoning causes what heme precursors to accumulate
|
delta-ALA
protoporphyrin |
|
|
main sx of most porphyrias
|
photosensitivity (accumulation of heme precursors)
|
|
|
brain's preferred nutrients under normal and fasting conditions
|
normal: glucose
fasting: ketones/glucose |
|
|
sk. muscle's preferred nutrients under normal and fasting conditions
|
normal: rest - F.A, exercise - glucose
fasting: F.A. |
|
|
heart's preferred nutrients under normal and fasting conditions
|
takes anything in either
|
|
|
RBC's can only use what for a nutrient source
|
glucose
|
|
|
amino acid transport disease that causes pellagra (niacin deficiency)
|
Hartnup disease (W transporter)
|
|
|
isomer that differs in only one carbon
|
epimer
|
|
|
composition of maltose
|
2 glucose
|
|
|
composition of lactose
|
galactose + glucose
|
|
|
composition of sucrose
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
|
form of glucose that cannot exit the liver
|
glucose-6 phosphate
|
|
|
2 conjugated forms of bile acid
|
glycocholic acid
taurocholic acid |
|
|
3 amino acids that build up in maple syrup disease
|
valine
leucine isoleucine **branched amino acids |
|
|
enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-P in the liver
|
glucokinase (low affinity, can be reversed and glucose released into blood)
|
|
|
enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose 6-P in sk. muscle
|
hexokinase (high affinity can't be reversed, and glucose is not released into blood)
|
|
|
consolidation in lung lobe on x-ray
|
lobar pneumonia
|
|
|
4 stages of pneumococcus pneumonia
|
congestion
red hepatization grey hepatization resolution |
|
|
two types of lobar pneumonia
|
pneumococcus
klebsiella |
|
|
lobar pneumonia with sudden onset
|
pneumococcus (strep pneumo)
|
|
|
lobar pneumonia with gradual onset
|
klebsiella
|
|
|
currant jelly sputum
|
klebsiella
|
|
|
two most common etiologies of atypical pneumonia
|
viruses
mycoplasma pneumoniae |
|
|
the most common lung pathogen in ages 5-35
|
mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
malaise
sore throat dry cough that evolves over weeks |
mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia)
|
|
|
pneumonia
diarrhea |
legionnaires disease
|
|
|
etiologic agent of legionnaires disease
|
legionella pneumophila
|
|
|
shortness of breath
bronchospasm acute onset pink frothy sputum |
gastric acid aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
insidious onset
cough fever purulent foul-smelling sputum |
anaerobic bacteria aspiration pneumonia
|
|
|
benign tumor of smooth muscle
|
leiomyoma
|
|
|
benign tumor of glandular structure
|
adenoma
|
|
|
leiomyoma in the uterus is called a
|
fibroid
|
|
|
carcinoid tumors secrete what substances
|
histamine
serotonin |
|
|
carcinoid tumors usually arise where
|
GI mucosa
|
|
|
flushing
diarrhea bronchospasm r. heart valve lesions hypotension |
carcinoid syndrome
|
|
|
dx carcinoid syndrome
|
24 hour urinary 5-HIAA (metabolite of serotonin)
|
|
|
dx pheo
|
urinary VMA (metabolite of NE/EPI)
|
|
|
usually first symptom of a lung carcinoma
|
new onset cough
|
|
|
type of lung carcinoma assx with pre-existing lung scar
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
only type of lung carcinoma not assx with smoking
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
4 types of lung carcinomas
|
adenocarcinoma
squamous large cell small cell |
|
|
type of lung carcinoma assx with the production of (PTH-like peptide) causing hypercalcemia
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
lung carcinoma with the worst prognosis
|
small cell carcinoma
|
|
|
2 paraneoplastic syndromes assx with small cell carcinoma
|
cushings (ACTH production)
fluid overload (ADH production) |
|
|
antibody to the presynaptic Ca channel on neurons of neuromuscular junctions
|
eaton-lambert syndrome
|
|
|
types of lung carcinoma that are located centrally
|
squamous cell
small cell |
|
|
red cell casts in urinalysis
|
nephritic syndrome
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome includes the loss of how much protein per day
|
>3.5 grams
|
|
|
effect of nephrotic syndrome on lipid levels in the blood
|
causes hyperlipidemia (lipoproteins are lost causing lipids to not have anywhere to go)
|
|
|
most severe form of nephritic syndrome
|
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
proliferation of the epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule
|
crescent
|
|
|
type of RPGN that is anti-body mediated
|
type I
|
|
|
type of RPGN that is immune complex mediated
|
type II
|
|
|
type of RPGN that is caused by +ANCA disorders
|
type III
|
|
|
glomerular disease with loss of foot processes
|
minimal change disease
|
|
|
glomerular disease with spike and dome pattern to basement membrane
|
membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
most common adult nephrotic disorder
|
membranous
|
|
|
glomerular disease with focal scleroses that eventually evolves to be diffuse
|
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
glomerular disease with tram tracking pattern to basement membrane
|
membrano-proliferative
|
|
|
subendothelial deposites of C3
mesangial cell proliferation capillary thickening and splitting |
membrano-proliferative
|
|
|
mesangial cell proliferation
subepithelial deposits of IgG/C3 |
acute-post infectious
|
|
|
glomerular disease with lumpy bumpy pattern to basement membrane
|
acute-post infectious
|
|
|
mesangial cell proliferation
linear deposits of IgG/C3 on BM |
goodpastures disease
|
|
|
glomerular disease that also presents with hemoptysis
|
goodpastures disease
|
|
|
most common primary glomerular disease
|
IgA nephropathy
|
|
|
focal mesangial proliferation
IgA complex deposition |
IgA nephropathy
|
|
|
most common cause of secondary glomerular disease
|
diabetic glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
diffuse BM sclerosis
nodules of mesangial proliferation |
diabetic glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
kimmelstiel wilson nodules
|
diabetic glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
wire loop lesions on BM
diffuse proliferation of BM |
lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
glomerular BM splitting
hearing loss |
alport syndrome
|
|
|
three types of cells that make up the glomerulus
|
epithelial cell (capsule)
endothelial cell mesangial cell |
|
|
most common cause of acute tubular necrosis
|
pre-renal acute renal failure
|
|
|
muddy brown casts on urinalysis
|
acute tubular necrosis
|
|
|
3 types of acute renal failure
|
pre-renal ARF
intrinsic ARF post-renal ARF |
|
|
cause of pre-renal ARF
|
hypoperfusion
|
|
|
most common cause of post-renal ARF
|
obstruction
|
|
|
what causes weakness assx with chronic renal failure
|
hypokalemia
|
|
|
what causes fatigue assx with chronic renal failure
|
anemia (decreased EPO)
|
|
|
weakness
malaise arrhythmia |
hyperkalemia
|
|
|
4 types of urinary calculi
|
calcium
cystine uric acid Mg-NH4 |
|
|
most common type of kidney stone
|
calcium
|
|
|
organisms that cause struvite calculi
|
proteus
staph saprophyticus |
|
|
cystinuria (AR genetic disorder) results in the impaired tubular reabsorption of what amino acids
|
cysteine
ornithine arginine lysine |
|
|
vulvovaginitis with bready odor
|
candidiasis
|
|
|
vulvovaginitis with putrid odor
|
trichomoniasis
|
|
|
vulvovaginitis with fishy odor
|
bacterial vaginosis
|
|
|
"clue cell" on micro slide
|
bacterial vaginosis
|
|
|
germ tubes and pseudohyphae
|
candidiasis
|
|
|
vulvovaginitis with frothy green discharge and extreme pruritis
|
trichomoniasis
|
|
|
DOC for candidiasis
|
miconazole
|
|
|
DOC for trichomoniasis
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
DOC for bacterial vaginosis
|
metronidazole
|
|
|
DOC for Neisseria gonorrhea
|
ceftriaxone
|
|
|
venereal pathogens that can ascend and cause pelvic inflammatory disease
|
gonorrhea
chlamydia |
|
|
purulent yelllow urethral discharge
|
gonorrhea
|
|
|
etiologic agent of trichomoniasis
|
trichomonas vaginalis
|
|
|
most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis
|
chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
causes lymphogranuloma venereum
|
chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
large palpable granulomas in the inguinal lymph nodes that erupt on the skin surface
|
lymphogranuloma venereum
|
|
|
DOC for chlamydia trichomatis
|
doxycycline
|
|
|
causes granuloma inguinale
|
klebsiella granulomatis
|
|
|
donovan body seen in macrophage
|
granuloma inguinale
|
|
|
venereal disease that causes granuloma formation which blocks lymphatic drainage from the genital region
|
granuloma inguinale
|
|
|
"school of fish" on micro
|
chancroid
|
|
|
produces a soft painful chancre
|
chancroid
|
|
|
etiologic agent of chancroid
|
hemophilus ducreyi
|
|
|
etiologic agent of syphilis
|
treponema pallidum
|
|
|
causes a painless hard chancre
|
syphilis
|
|
|
tabes dorsalis (sensory n. destruction)
luetic aneurysm |
late stage syphilis
|
|
|
koilocyte
|
HPV infection (epithelial cell with perinuclear clearing)
|
|
|
two proteins of HPV that interfere with tumor suppressor genes p53 and RB
|
E6 and E7
|
|
|
fluid filled vesicles on erythematous base
|
herpes
|
|
|
most common site for latency of oral herpes
|
trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
most common site for latency of genital herpes
|
lumbar/sacral ganglia
|
|
|
(+) Tzanck test
|
herpes (multi-nucleated giant cells in vesicles)
|
|
|
two types of testicular tumors
|
germ cell
non-germ cell |
|
|
most common germ cell tumor of the testes
|
seminoma
|
|
|
germ cell testicular tumor with elevated alpha-fetoprotein
|
yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
two types of testicular non-germ cell tumors
|
stromal sex cord
non-stromal sex cord |
|
|
two types of stromal sex cord tumors of the testis
|
leydig cell tumor
sertoli cell tumor |
|
|
sx of male leydig cell tumor pre and post puberty
|
pre: precocious puberty
post: gynecomastia (test to estrogen via aromatase) |
|
|
usually first sx of ovarian tumors
|
abdominal complaints (lack of sensory to ovary)
|
|
|
2 most common types of ovarian epithelial tumors
|
serous
mucinous |
|
|
ovarian epithelial cell tumor that may cause pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
mucinous
|
|
|
ovarian epithelial cell tumor composed of watery filled cyst
|
serous
|
|
|
ovarian epithelial cell tumor composed of columnar cells
|
mucinous
|
|
|
rupture of mucinous ovarian epithelial tumor to produce multiple intraperitoneal tumors
|
pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
|
|
type of ovarian tumors more common in females <20
|
germ cell tumors
|
|
|
type of ovarian tumors more common in females >20
|
surface epithelial (disruption of epithelium due to ovulation)
|
|
|
ovarian tumor comprised of transitional cells
|
brenner
|
|
|
ovarian tumors comprised of cells that would have ordinarily become ova
|
germ cell tumors
|
|
|
germ cell tumor comprised of 2 or more germ cell layers
|
teratoma
|
|
|
another name for a mature teratoma
|
dermoid cyst
|
|
|
more common form of teratoma
|
mature form (composed of mature cells)
|
|
|
ovarian germ cell tumor with elevated alpha-fetoprotein
|
endodermal sinus tumor
|
|
|
ovarian stromal sex cord tumor that secretes large quantities of estrogen
|
granulosa-theca cell tumor
|
|
|
(+) call exner bodies
|
granulosa-theca cell tumor (follicle filled with eosiniphils)
|
|
|
ovarian stromal sex cord tumor assx with endometrial carcinoma
|
granulosa-theca cell tumor
|
|
|
ovarian stromal sex cord tumor that causes virilization
|
sertoli-leydig cell tumor
|
|
|
bilateral replacement of ovaries with signet ring cells
|
krukenberg tumor
|
