Bbc 2

Front 1

Rising seas and storms wash away the land, flood homes, ruin drinking water supplies and poison our crops.

Back 1

Wash away

Front 2

uninhabitable - غير صالحة للسكن، للعيش

Uninhabited غير مسكونة، غير مأهولة

Back 2

Some entire countries, such as certain Pacific island states, are predicted to become completely uninhabitable

Front 3

Erosion تعرية

Back 3

We're seeing a lot of coastal erosion happening

Front 4

Couple with

Back 4

Rising sea levels, coupled with an increase in severe storms, destroy homes and ruin livelihoods.

Front 5

a catch - something sounds perfect, but there's a hidden problem

Back 5

Why are you giving this food away for free? There must be a catch!

A free computer? What's the catch?

Why is this product so cheap? There must be a catch !

Front 6

Pinpoint

Actor الفاعل، الجهة الفاعلة

Back 6

It is very difficult to pinpoint a country or an actor responsible for an island that may... or is already sinking. The problem is climate change.

Front 7

overwhelming majority الغالبية العظمى/ الساحقة

Handful - few, bunch, حفنة، القلة، عدد قليل

Back 7

Five or ten years ago, a study called the Carbon Majors study highlighted that the overwhelming majority of the emissions of the problem really comes from a handful of companies.

Front 8

Result in - lead to يؤدي الى

Back 8

Rising sea levels result in strong wave action and coastal flooding, causing the coast to erode.

Front 9

Operate at the same speed

Back 9

It will be very difficult for international law to operate at the same speed of national law

Front 10

Hardest hit الأكثر تضررا

Back 10

Smaller island countries will be hardest hit, but they often create very little pollution.

Front 11

Plant-based

Back 11

A plant-based diet reduces the risk of developing bowel cancer.

Front 12

Persecute

Back 12

Essentially, you have to prove that you have been persecuted and that is why you have left your country of origin

Front 13

likely to develop the disease.

عرضة للإصابة بالمرض

Back 13

That's according to a new study in the US which found that men who ate healthy plant-based foods are over 20 per cent less likely to develop the disease.

Front 14

Bring a case - file a case

Back 14

The main mood at the moment is to bring cases related to the principle of non-refoulement.

Front 15

Low-lying - low, low-rise منخفضة

Atolls جزر مرجانية

Back 15

Because there are low-lying atolls.

Front 16

lifeblood شريان الحياة

Back 16

As a Polynesian person, I have a connection to it. Since we first started voyaging across it, it's been the lifeblood of our islands and our culture.

Front 17

How easy is it

Back 17

how easy is it to find out who's responsible?

Front 18

Vanishing

Back 18

Now, let's take a look at the people who are trying to live on these vanishing islands.

Front 19

Slash risk of bowl cancer by a fifth

Back 19

Slash - reduce dramatically

Front 20

Cheerio - goodbye

Back 20

Cheerio! Have a good trip

Front 21

You have a very reduced chance of getting bowel cancer

Back 21

Reduced - lower

Front 22

Colorectal cancer - bowel/ colon cancer

Back 22

.

Front 23

Buttery, creamy, or heavy food

Back 23

.

Front 24

Campaigners

Back 24

More research is being done into climate change. Some campaigners use studies as evidence to prove a company's responsibility. And who are these campaigners?

Front 25

going (vegan) - becoming (vegan)

Back 25

Many people are going vegan because of the health benefits.

My dad went gluten-free because he was having stomach problems.

Front 26

rich in - contains a lot of something

You can say something-rich which is the same meaning.

Back 26

As an athlete, I always eat breakfast that is rich in protein.

Saudi Arabia is a country that is rich in oil.

I have a vegetable-rich diet.

This is a protein-rich meal

Front 27

livelihood suffering

Back 27

you also have elderly people who are seeing their livelihood suffering because of climate change

Front 28

Go missing

Back 28

Something's gone missing

Front 29

Go after

Back 29

We have children, literally, going after the governments

Front 30

all sorts of جميع انواع

Back 30

They are using all sorts of law

Front 31

Recourse

Back 31

but in the main the only recourse that people will have are to some aspects of human rights law....

Front 32

to keep people who are at risk safe

Back 32

And we've seen that lawyers are working to keep people who are at risk safe in the future.

Front 33

We've seen the scale of the problem for the law.

Back 33

For بالنسبة ل

Front 34

infectious معدي

Back 34

Do you think I'm infectious?

Front 35

Blow your nose

Back 35

Rob, here's a tissue - blow your nose and let's carry on.

Front 36

Make a full recovery

Back 36

The doctors are doing their best and you should make a full recovery.

Front 37

It's been drizzling, that's raining lightly

Back 37

.

Front 38

Magic سحري

Back 38

Living in a wet country like Britain I sometimes wish I could push a magic button and stop it raining.

Front 39

And ironically, people living in hot, dry countries need rain but don't get it.

Back 39

وعلى النقيض، فان الاشخاص اللذين....

Front 40

Cloud seeding

Back 40

The first type of weather manipulation we'll hear about is a way of getting snow and rain out of clouds known as 'cloud seeding'

Front 41

Airplanes fly through the clouds and spray chemicals to make water particles freeze and stick together as snowflakes. These then fall as snow which builds up during winter before melting in spring to help water crops.

Back 41

Build up (v)

Built up - accumulated (adj)

Front 42

Meddling - trying to change something which it's not their responsibility to change

Back 42

The first cloud seeding experiments took place in the 1940s. In the years since, scientists are often accused of meddling with nature.

Front 43

Playing God - acting as if they have unlimited power and can do whatever they want.

Back 43

Every time you get into your car, every time you get on an airplane you put substances in the air that don't belong, so you're also playing God.Neil

Front 44

....and for good reason

Back 44

و لسبب وجيه

Front 45

Excuse

Back 45

There's lots of controversy around solar geoengineering - and for good reason. People are, I think, sensibly scared that this could provide an excuse that allows countries or companies to avoid doing the work that has to be done to cut emissions.

Front 46

Taboo - a subject that is avoided for social or religious reasons.

Back 46

And then, as climate change became more politically central, say in the 90s and 2000s, there was really a taboo.

Front 47

Opinion pollster - people who conduct polls which ask members of the public their opinion on particular subjects, especially ones concerning politics

Back 47

Predicting the future is not easy but that's exactly the job of opinion pollsters - researchers who ask people questions to discover what they think about certain topics.

Front 48

Misfire - something that does not work in the way it was intended to

Back 48

These mistakes, sometimes called misfires - when things do not work in the way intended

Front 49

Figure (something) out - finally understand something, or find the solution to a problem, after thinking hard about it

Blank cheque - unlimited money and freedom to complete a task

Back 49

And they basically give him a blank cheque to do their research, to figure out how to call people, how to talk to them, to figure out if they remember or liked a certain product

Front 50

Laser-like - very accurate and focused, like the beam of a laser

Back 50

Opinion polls can estimate the outcome of an election but they can't give us laser-like accuracy. If you describe something as laser-like you mean it is very accurate and focused, like a laser.

Front 51

Stark - obvious; easy to see; harsh; without decoration

Back 51

Then, differences between a prediction and the final result wouldn't be so stark - obvious and easily visible, or harsh.

Front 52

Lose to

Back 52

most polls predicted Trump would lose to Joe Biden by a much larger amount than he actually did.

Front 53

1931 or so

Back 53

And then by 1931 or so, he's wondering: well, if it works for toothpaste, why not politics?

Front 54

non-college educated voters.

Back 54

الناخبين غير الحاصلين على تعليم جامعي

Front 55

Inaction

Back 55

Geo-engineering could provide an excuse for inaction on climate change - a reason for countries to explain why they did not take action.

Front 56

Early bird - early riser, morning person

Back 56

.

Front 57

Crack - find a solution to something

Back 57

The police have cracked the case. The husband stole the money.

Scientists have cracked a mystery child illness in the UK.

Front 58

The spectre of (something) - the possibility of something bad happening

Back 58

The spectre of another pandemic is very worrying.

The spectre of nuclear war is back.

Fight against inflation rises spectre of global recession.

Front 59

Gobbling - eating quickly

Ease - relieve, alleviate, reduce, mitigate, lessen

Back 59

Plastic gobbling enzymes in worm spit may help ease pollution.

Scientists have found plastic-gobbling worms which can reduce waste.

Don't gobble down your meal - you'll get sick!

Front 60

Light-hearted - happy and not serious

Back 60

It was fairly light-hearted discussion

Front 61

Gulp - to eat and drink quickly by swallowing it in large amounts

Back 61

Ray gulped the last of his coffee and pushed back his chair

Front 62

Lowly - low in position and importance, or not respected

Back 62

He was too talented for his lowly position in the company.

She took a lowly job to help her pay for university.

Front 63

Printing press - printer

Back 63

Johannes Gutenberg, invented the printing press - a machine capable of making many copies of the same page of text.

Front 64

Has come a long way (idiom) قطع شويا طويلاً

Back 64

Printing technology has come a long way since Gutenberg's time, but even today's most advanced laser printers have only printed flat, two-dimensional objects… until now.

Front 65

Chip away at something - to gradually reduce something so that it becomes smaller or weaker.

Back 65

A sculptor who chips away at a block of stone to reveal a shape.

He chipped away at her confidence.

The government chipped away at my investment funds.

Front 66

Hand-carved wooden blocks

Back 66

Before Johannes Gutenberg invented his printing press, copies of texts were made by block printing, using hand-carved wooden blocks pressed into ink.

Front 67

Patent

Back 67

As the millennium turned, patents expired and that meant people started making very cheap 3D printers.

Front 68

mucking about with (something) - (informal) spending time playing with something carelessly, not for a serious purpose.

Back 68

And people started mucking about with them

Front 69

Bespoke things - objects which are made specially for a particular person.

Back 69

In fact, in turned out that 3D printers were excellent at making bespoke things

Front 70

Prosthetics - artificial body parts made specially for someone who has lost an arm, a leg or a foot, for example.

Back 70

One area which 3D printing dramatically improved was medical prosthetics

Front 71

To be fit with

Back 71

Who lost an eye in a childhood accident, became the first person to be fitted with a 3D-printed prosthetic eye.

Front 72

custom-making

Back 72

In many countries, particularly the developed world, there are facilities for custom-making a prosthetic eye to match the other eye,

Front 73

Artisan حرفي, craftsman

Back 73

artisan process which is very time-consuming and requires real artistry on the part of the ocularist - the ocularist is the person who fits the prosthetic eye

Front 74

custom-made, a word similar to 'bespoke' which means specially made according to a particular person's requirements.

Back 74

.

Front 75

Does this situation sound familiar to you, Sam?

Back 75

.

Front 76

Oh, I'm guilty of wasting food, Neil - me and many others.

Back 76

.

Front 77

All year around

Back 77

Here in the UK, big supermarkets import food from abroad for customers to enjoy all year round.

Front 78

Fly in

Back 78

Summer fruit like strawberries and mangos are flown in from tropical countries and sold in winter, increasing carbon emissions as well as waste.

Front 79

Making it difficult for farmers to

Back 79

In Puerto Rico, too, most people shop in supermarkets, making it difficult for farmers to choose what to sell, and how much to charge for their fruit and vegetables.

Front 80

Middlemen

Back 80

she used to have to sell her crops to these kind of middlemen.

Front 81

And a lot of these carreros are kind of commissioned by the supermarkets

Back 81

.

Front 82

use-by date

Back 82

Another problem is that we throw away food after we've bought it. In fact, UN estimates that 60 percent of food waste happens in this way, often because it's past the use-by date and might not be safe to eat.

Front 83

They might forget to put their groceries straight in the fridge when they get home. So what they do is they calculate the use-by date using a very cautious estimate.

Back 83

.

Front 84

They kind of have to calculate it to the worst-case scenario because they don't know which product is going to get stored at the wrong temperature, so they have to blanket apply a shorter date to protect consumers.

Back 84

Get stored at the wrong temperature

Blanket (adv)

Front 85

blanket is an adverb meaning applied in the same way to everything, even when there are differences between those things.

Back 85

other words, they blanket apply use-by dates.

Front 86

but it also means a lot of safe-to-eat food gets thrown away.

Back 86

.

Front 87

use-by date - date until which food may be safely eaten, usually printed on the food container

Back 87

.

Front 88

middleman - business people who buy produce directly from producers, and make money by selling it on to shops or customers

Back 88

.

Front 89

blanket (+ verb) - (adverb) applied in the same uniform way to everything, even when there are differences between those things

Back 89

.

Front 90

conundrum - problem that is very difficult to solve

Back 90

So, as a society we're faced with this conundrum.

Front 91

paradox - situation that seems impossible because it contains two opposite ideas

Back 91

As in so many things in life, there's a real kind of paradox or a conundrum.

Deep-sea mining could damage the ocean, but paradoxically it might provide rare metals needed to decarbonise the planet.

Front 92

increase/grow by a factor of (x) - be multiplied by that many (x) times

Back 92

Electrical car ownership is set to increase by a factor of 25. Solar and wind generation is going to grow by a factor of a hundred.

Front 93

silver bullet - simple and immediate solution to a complicated problem

Back 93

My concern at this point is that deep-sea mining and deep-sea nodules in particular are being seen as a silver bullet to solve the climate crisis, and in such a way as well that I think, that we can hopefully rely on life carrying on pretty much as normal.

Front 94

slippery slope - situation or habit that is difficult to stop and is likely to get worse and worse

Spell the end

Back 94

Helen thinks starting deep-sea mining leads down a slippery slope. And that could spell the end for thousands of marine animal and plant species.

You are on a slippery slope once you start lying

Front 95

Delicate

Back 95

But could deep-sea mining actually damage delicate ocean eco-systems as well?

Front 96

Make up

Back 96

Even all the different types of fish combined make up less than 3% of all living things in the ocean.

Front 97

Beyond repair

Back 97

She thinks the tests which have been permitted to assess the difficulty of mining underwater could open the door to mining on a large scale which would damage fragile marine eco-systems beyond repair

Front 98

At least seven countries reported the warmest New Year's Day on record.

Back 98

.

Front 99

Climatologist

Back 99

Climatologists are calling it the most extreme heatwave ever seen in Europe.

Front 100

Topples -

1. Falls or falls because it is unbalanced.

2. It can mean metaphorically, break a record.

3. Removing someone from the power.

Back 100

Warm January topples record.

The tree toppled over in the storm.

The corrupt president was toppled by the opposition.

Topple a leader.

Front 101

Go downhill - become worse

Back 101

My grandma's health has gone downhill since her fall.

The business is going downhill - it isn't making a profit any more.

Your English could go downhill if you don't study regularly

Front 102

shattered

1. Broken dramatically.

2. Can also mean extremely tired.

Back 102

The temperature records have been shattered.

He shattered the record by finishing the marathon in under two hours.

The number of university applications this year has shattered previous records.

I was shattered.

I'm shattered by the news (means I'm upset).

When glass shatters, it breaks into lots of tiny pieces.

** The difference between shattered and topples, shattered is always quite dramatic.