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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axonal growth is modulated in a series of ______________ steps.
a). parallel b). permanent c). sequential d). rapid e). none of the above |
c). sequential
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_______________ are local signaling chemicals which guide the final positioning of the axons in the tectum.
a). epinephrine b). norepinephrine c). localons d). ephrins e). signalarisons |
d). ephrins
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. Understanding and manipulating cell adhesion molecules may lead to treatments for which of the following?
a). cancer b). the common cold c). anemia d). folate deficiency e). autism |
a). cancer
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Axonal regeneration in spinal cord is _______________ if cell has died
a). toxic b). a bad idea c). ensured d). not possible e). none of the above |
d). not possible
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Which two scientists showed that if a monkey keeps one eye closed for the first 6 months of its life it can lead to cortical blindness?
a). Hubel and Wiesel b). Weasel and Mouse c). Roy and Sherrington d). Watson and Crick e). none of the above |
a). Hubel and Wiesel
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_______ are local signaling chemicals which guide the final position of the axons in the tectum.
a) Chemotaxis b) Filopodia c) Ephrins d) Actins e) Microtubules |
c) Ephrins
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What is the name given to the idea that axon-target recognition relies on chemical matching rather than functional validation of randomly formed connections?
a) stereotropism b) chemospecificity hypothesis c) M-theory d) motor pool hypothesis e) Entwurf theory |
b) chemospecificity hypothesis
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Which of the following is a domain of the growth cone?
a) central core b) filopodia c) lamellipodia d) all of the above e) b and c only |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following family of cell adhesion molecules bind to themselves or to other adhesion molecules?
a) Immunoglobins b) cadherins c) BDNF's d) protein kinases e) none of the above |
a) Immunoglobins
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Following exposure to visual stimuli, _________ fibers develop that form synapses in the cortex.
a) muscle b) geniculocortical c) elastic d) commissural e) connective |
b) geniculocortical
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__________ refers to the idea that axon-target recognition relies on chemical matching rather than functional validation of randomly formed connections.
a. deprivation of input b. asynchronous stimulation c. avoidance hypothesis d. chemospecific hypothesis e. perception hypothesis; |
d. chemospecific hypothesis
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The __________ is responsible for axonal pathfinding.
a. growth cube b. growth cone c. peripheral seeker d. distal stump e. presynaptic terminal |
b. growth cone;
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The ________________ on the axon of a neuron has both motor and sensory capabilities.
a. House b. Pre-synaptic cleft c. Axon hillock d. Growth cone e. None of the above |
d. Growth cone
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When axons are severed, the __________ degenerates and is digested by phagocitic cells.
a. synapse b. vesicle c. cadherin d. myelin e. filopedia; |
d. myelin
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__________ promotes elaboration of axon terminals.
a. sensory deprivation b. sensory input c. consumption of alcohol d. schizophrenia e. inactivity; |
b. sensory input
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3. Cell adhesive interactions are mediated by two sets of binding components, one requiring __________ and the other not
a. calcium ions b. potassium ions c. neurotrophins d. NMDA e. ganglion cells; |
a. calcium ions
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__________________ is the growth toward or away from regions of greater concentration of tropic factors.
a. Chemogrowth b. Chemotaxis c. Tropotaxis d. Growing pains e. None of the above |
b. Chemotaxis
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__________________ extend from the growth cone and aid in growth by connecting to adhesive substances and contracting (thus moving the axon).
a. Filopidia b. Neural hairs c. Filo dough d. Macropedia e. All of the above |
a. Filopidia
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Which is true of neuromuscular junctions?
a. They were discovered by Alan Turing b. During early development, neuromuscular junctions are heavily over-wired c. Many neuromuscular junctions present before birth are eliminated d. Pruning may depend on inactive/active sights e. B, C, and D |
e. B, C, and D
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The ________________ on the axon of a neuron has both motor and sensory capabilities.
a. House b. Pre-synaptic cleft c. Axon hillock d. Growth cone e. None of the above |
d. Growth cone
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The growth cone is both a _______ structure that receives directional cues from the environment and a ________ structure whose activity leads to axon elongation.
a. Motor, sensory b. Chemotactic, inhibitory c. Overwired, supportive d. Sensory, motor e. Unidirectional, multifactorial |
d. Sensory, motor
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Modification of _________ is thought to be the physiologic basis of learning.
a. NMDA type glutamate receptors b. Synchronized activity c. synaptic connections d. presynaptic terminals e. auditory input |
c. synaptic connections
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Which of the following is not true of the steps in the formation of a neuromuscular junction?
a. The growth cone approaches a newly formed myotube b. The initial contact is specialized c. The terminal accumulates synaptic vesicles d. As the muscle matures multiple axons converge on a single site e. Finally, all axons but one are eliminated and the survivor matures |
b. The initial contact is specialized
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Which of the following is true of injuries to the nervous system?
a. Most injuries to the central and peripheral nervous system involve damage to axons. b. Axon terminals die because they are disconnected from their cell bodies c. The cell body dies through apoptosis d. An injury to one site in the central nervous system can affect sites distant from the injury. e. All of the above |
e. All of the above
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Following damage to peripheral nerves, what kind of cells in the periphery promote neural growth?
a. Schwann cells b. Glial cells c. Wallerian cells d. Muscle cells e. None of the above |
a. Schwann cells
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Visual input may begin as early as:
a. Before birth b. 1- 6 months of age c. 1-2 years of age d. 10-60 years of age e. None of the above |
a. Before birth
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______________factors lure developing neurons toward target sites, determine neuronal survival and can determine active cell death
a). Corticord b). haploid c). Diploid d). NeuroTropic e). None of the Above |
d). NeuroTropic
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______________and Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) act singly and in concert to differentiate the dorsalventral axis
a). superchronic hedgehog b). muskerinic receptors c). sonic hedgehog d). calcium e). none of the above |
c). sonic hedgehog
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Whiskers on the rodent face are mapped into barrels in which of the following
a). somatosensory cortex b). brain stem c). thalamic nuclei d). all the above e). none of the above |
d). all the above
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Mutations in sonic hedgehog are linked to which of the following?
a). cancer b). HIV c). Bipolar II disorder d). Borderline Personality disorder e). Drop foot |
a). cancer
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Neuronal axons that do not get enough neurotrophic factor die by
a). suffocation b). overdofse c). underuse d). bursting capillaries e). apoptosis |
e). apoptosis
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The nervous system of vertebrates develops from a single layer of cells called the __________.
a) endoderm b) somite c) mesoderm d) ectoderm e) neural tube |
d) ectoderm
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. ________ is an inductive signaling protein that can induce the differentiation of floor plate cells, motor neurons, and ventral interneurons.
a) Knuckles Chaotix b) Hungry Hippo c) Sonic Hedgehog d) Sonic Youth e) Erinaceinae |
c) Sonic Hedgehog
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What is the class of genes that is implicated in the control of rhombomere identity and is important for the study of ALS?
a) BMPs b) Hox c) Sox d) NGF e) Pox |
b) Hox
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Pre-programmed cell death is called?
a) necrosis b) phagocytosis c) fragmentation d) suicide e) apoptosis |
e) apoptosis
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Differentiation of cells in the nervous system is controlled by __________.
a. surface receptors b. gene expression c. extrinsic factors only d. intrinsic factors only e. cerebral cortex |
b. gene expression
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__________ is an inductive signaling protein that patterns the ventral neural tube.
a. Sonic Hedgehog b. ventral root ganglion c. BMP d. progenitor cell e. Hox |
a. Sonic Hedgehog
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All of the following are types of neurons induced by SHH at different positions of the neural tube EXCEPT:
a. homeobox neurons b. motor neurons c. serotonergic neurons d. dopaminergic neurons e. ventral forebrain interneurons |
a. homeobox neurons
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__________, a ligand, and __________, a receptor, interact to determine neuronal fate.
a. notch gene, delta gene b. delta gene, notch gene c. gamme gene, alpha gene d. mu gene, beta gene e. none of the above |
b. delta gene, notch gene
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__________ is active in the feedback circuit that suppresses differentiation of neurons.
a. glial growth factor b. Drosophila c. sympathetic ganglion d. ectoderm e. thalamus |
a. glial growth factor
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1. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is an inductive signaling protein that patterns the ______ neural tube while the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) pattern the ______ neural tube.
a. Rostral, caudal b. Dorsal, ventral c. Medial, lateral d. Ventral, dorsal e. Somatosensory, visceral |
d. Ventral, dorsal
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2. Segments (rhombomeres) form ________
a. Hox genes b. Cranial nerves c. Homeobox genes d. Midbrain nerves e. All of the above |
b. Cranial nerves
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3. Almost ______ the neurons generated in the mammalian nervous system are lost through a process called programmed cell death.
a. One quarter b. One third c. One half d. Two thirds e. Three quarters |
c. One half
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4. Activation of notch genes ________ neural differentiation, inhibition of notch genes _______ neural generation.
a. Inhibits, increases b. Reverses, stimulates c. Increases, inhibits d. Enhances, reduces e. None of the above |
a. Inhibits, increases
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5. Notch signaling is also regulated by other proteins, notably a cytoplasmic protein called
a. Helix b. Drosophila c. Numb d. Noggin e. Knucklehead |
c. Numb
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Differentiation of cells in the nervous system is controlled by __________.
a. surface receptors b. gene expression c. extrinsic factors only d. intrinsic factors only e. cerebral cortex |
b. gene expression
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__________ is an inductive signaling protein that patterns the ventral neural tube.
a. Sonic Hedgehog b. ventral root ganglion c. BMP d. progenitor cell e. Hox |
a. Sonic Hedgehog
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All of the following are types of neurons induced by SHH at different positions of the neural tube EXCEPT:
a. homeobox neurons b. motor neurons c. serotonergic neurons d. dopaminergic neurons e. ventral forebrain interneurons |
a. homeobox neurons
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__________, a ligand, and __________, a receptor, interact to determine neuronal fate.
a. notch gene, delta gene b. delta gene, notch gene c. gamme gene, alpha gene d. mu gene, beta gene e. none of the above |
b. delta gene, notch gene
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__________ is active in the feedback circuit that suppresses differentiation of neurons.
a. glial growth factor b. Drosophila c. sympathetic ganglion d. ectoderm e. thalamus |
a. glial growth factor
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1. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is an inductive signaling protein that patterns the ______ neural tube while the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) pattern the ______ neural tube.
a. Rostral, caudal b. Dorsal, ventral c. Medial, lateral d. Ventral, dorsal e. Somatosensory, visceral |
d. Ventral, dorsal
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2. Segments (rhombomeres) form ________
a. Hox genes b. Cranial nerves c. Homeobox genes d. Midbrain nerves e. All of the above |
b. Cranial nerves
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3. Almost ______ the neurons generated in the mammalian nervous system are lost through a process called programmed cell death.
a. One quarter b. One third c. One half d. Two thirds e. Three quarters |
c. One half
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4. Activation of notch genes ________ neural differentiation, inhibition of notch genes _______ neural generation.
a. Inhibits, increases b. Reverses, stimulates c. Increases, inhibits d. Enhances, reduces e. None of the above |
a. Inhibits, increases
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5. Notch signaling is also regulated by other proteins, notably a cytoplasmic protein called
a. Helix b. Drosophila c. Numb d. Noggin e. Knucklehead |
c. Numb
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Which of the following suppresses male behavior?
a). a screaming female b). chick flicks c). alcohol d). castration e). dopamine |
d). castration
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What has shown to be different in male and female brains in the rat?
a). volume b). IQ c). temperature d). male and female brains are equal e). female brains are more emotional |
a). volume
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In humans, differences in the ____________ may contribute to a person’s gender.
a). nuclei of the fusiform gyrus b). nuclei of the hypothalamus c). nuclei of amygdala d). nuclei of the PAG e). no brain regions contribute to a person’s gender |
b). nuclei of the hypothalamus
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Neurogenesis is enhanced at _____________ in the mother.
a). conception b). 4-6 months post birth c). 1 year post birth d). at death e). delivery |
e). delivery
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The volume in transsexual male to female individuals is_______ than that of heterosexual and homosexual males.
a). less b). more c). the same d). more simple e). cognitively superior |
a). less
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Which of the following hormones contributes to brain development in both males and females?
a) testosterone b) estrogen c) progesterone d) all of the above e) a and b only |
d) all of the above
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Homosexuality in humans is likely caused by which of the following?
a) hormone-induced alterations in brain structure b) genetics c) life experiences d) all of the above e) c only |
d) all of the above
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The ______ is critical in the formation of episodic memory and participates in novelty detection.
a) hippocampus b) corpus callosum c) planum temporale d) brainstem e) massa intermedia |
a) hippocampus
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Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits surrounded by cell debris are signs of what disease?
a) Parkinson b) Alzheimer c) schizophrenia d) Huntington e) bipolar mood disorder |
b) Alzheimer
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Which of the following genes can influence the development of late-onset Alzheimer disease?
a) PrP b) APP c) ApoE4 d) presenilin 1 e) BSTc |
c) ApoE4
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Differences in the brain across the sexes first begin developing
a)at birth b)in early childhood c)in utero d)in adolescence e)there are no differences |
c)in utero
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The following hormone(s) organize brain differences in both males and females during development
a)Testosterone b)Estrogen c)Progesterone d)Oxytocin e)a, b, & c |
e) a, b, & c
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In terms of cognitive differences between men and women,
a)women are always superior cogntively b)some evidence suggests on average, men are better at visual spatial ability and women are better verbally c)men outperform women on attentional tasks d)there are few differences e)b & d |
e) b & d
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Over the age of 80, ____% of the population develops Alzheimers
a)10 b)60 c)40 d)75 e)100 |
c) 40
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Early symptoms of Alzheimers include decline in:
a)memory b)problem solving c)language d)sensory abilities e)a, b, & c |
e) a, b, & c
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1. An XX chromosomal female will develop testes and become male if one of the X chromosomes contains
a. MIH b. TDF c. The short arm of the Y chromosome d. BDNF e. None of the above |
b. TDF
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________ is known to prevent programmed cell death by apoptosis.
a. Estrogen b. Progesterone c. Testosterone d. B vitamins e. Antioxidants |
c. Testosterone
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3. The biologic “clock” of cells seems to be located in the _______.
a. Mitochondria b. Golgi apparatus c. Cytoplasm d. Nucleus e. Wrist watch |
d. Nucleus
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4. Cortical thickness gradually _________ with age. Cortical connectivity ________ throughout midlife.
a. Decreases; increases b. Increases; decreases c. Causes lower test scores, leads to impulse control d. Causes conservatism, leads to wisdom e. There is a decline in all cognitive ability with age |
a. Decreases; increases
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5. What is the second most common cause of dementia in the elderly?
a. Parkinson’s disease b. Brain tumor c. Cerebrovascular disease d. Lewy body dementia e. Werner syndrome |
c. Cerebrovascular disease
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__________ "organize" brain differences during development and affect ongoing neurogenesis and synapse formation in hippocampus.
a. hormones b. cognitions c. memories d. pathogens e. experiences |
a. hormones
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Which of the following does NOT typically present as larger in the male than female?
a. locus ceruleus b. olfactory structures c. amygdala d. ventromedial nucleus of thalamus e. visual cortex |
a. locus ceruleus
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding differences between the "masculine" and "feminine" brain?
a. there are few cognitive differences b. there are many cognitive differences c. males tend to perform better on visuospatial tasks d. women tend to perform on verbal tasks e. the overlap in brain function is very strong |
b. there are many cognitive differences
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Cell loss in amygdala and anterior nucleus of thalamus contributes to:
a. emotional problems b. synesthesia c. sensorimotor problems d. nothing significant e. improved attention |
a. emotional problems
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Neurofibrilary tangles are composed of a microtubule-binding protein called:
a. tao b. tau c. neurite d. amyloid e. apoE4 allele |
b. tau
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The _______________ is a general term for a gene that results in
"maleness" in the human species. a. Testis-determining factor (TDF) b. Gonadal hormone c. X chromosome d. M genes e. None of the above |
a. Testis-determining factor (TDF)
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Generally speaking, males tend to perform better on __________ tasks
while women tend to perform better on ________ tasks. a. Verbal, visuospatial b. Visuospatial, verbal c. Driving, video-game d. Memory, attention e. Attention, memory |
b. Visuospatial, verbal
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Density of spines in ______ changes with the stage of the estrous
cycle in females. a. CA1 b. CA2 c. CA3 d. CA4 e. CA5 |
a. CA1
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The _________ allele has been identified as a risk factor for late
onset Alzheimers. a. CA1 b. TDF c. apoE4 d. Ms32 e. None of the above |
c. apoE4
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_________________ are pathological protein aggregates found within
neurons in cases of Alzheimer's disease. a. Neurofibrillary tangles b. Neurofibrillary webs c. Protein tangles d. Testis-determining factor (TDF) e. None of the above |
a. Neurofibrillary tangles
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Gene expression depends on both _____________ and ______________ factors.
a. Sonic the Hedgehog; Super Mario Brothers b. Endogenous; exogenous c. Endogenous; misogynist d. Exogenous; Brain e. None of the above |
b. Endogenous; exogenous
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During the “five vesicle stage” there five distinguishable parts of the neural tube. Which is NOT one of these parts?
a. Telencephalon b. Diencephalon c. Mesencephalon d. Metencephalon e. Exinocephalon |
e. Exinocephalon
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) ________________ and ______________ act in concert to form the dorsal ventral axis.
a. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and Luigi b. General inducing factors and the Fusiform Facial Area (FFA) c. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP) d. The Diencephalon and Telencephalon e. None of the above |
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP)
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Mutations in sonic hedgehog (SHH) are linked to:
a. Lack of development of the ventral forebrain b. Spina bifida c. Limb deformities d. Cancer e. All of the above |
e. All of the above
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) ___________cell death is a programmed cell death, not a necrotic process from injury or disease.
a. Apoptotic b. Necrotic c. Bionic d. Cybernetic e. None of the above |
a. Apoptotic
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