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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gray type I synapses are often _________________ and typically synapse onto ______________
a) excitatory, cell body b) excitatory, dendritic spines c) inhibitory, cell body d) inhibitory, dendritic spines |
b) excitatory, dendritic spines
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Gray type II synapses are often _________________ and typically synapse onto ______________
a) excitatory, cell body b) excitatory, dendritic spines c) inhibitory, cell body d) inhibitory, dendritic spines |
c) inhibitory, cell body
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Whether a gap junction is in a closed or open state may be influenced by which of the following:
a) Ca+2 level b) pH level c) SSRM level d) the vote of the senate majority e) a and b only |
e) a and b only
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One reason researchers are interested in retrograde transmission is that it may
a) play a role in long term potentiation which is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory. b) determine the length of the squid giant axon c) give professors retroactive bonuses d) All of the above e) None of the above |
a) play a role in long term potentiation which is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.
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Second messagers
a) Produce direct gating b) Can induce gene expression c) Have lost many jobs because of the rise of the internet d) Cannot affect resting potential e) Have effects within the cell that are always short lasting |
b) Can induce gene expression
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What ion triggers the discharge of transmitters from synaptic vescicles?
a. Sodium b. Calcium c. Potassium d. Chlorine e. None of the above |
b. Calcium
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__________ synapses are usually excitatory.
a. Gray type I b. Gray type II c. Gray type III d. Gray type IV e. Gray type XVIII |
a. Gray type I
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Gray type II synapses usually attach to the cell body because:
a. They have short axons b. It enables them to have a stronger effect on the trigger zone c. They will be less effective there d. They don’t attach to cell body e. None of the above |
b. It enables them to have a stronger effect on the trigger zone
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) Compared to ionotropic messengers, second messengers:
a. Create only local excitation b. Are bigger c. Are smaller d. Act more slowly e. Are first |
d. Act more slowly
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The longest-lasting form of synaptic transmission involves changes in:
a. Calcium ions b. Axon length c. Dendrite length d. Gene transcription e. None of the above |
d. Gene transcription
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What type synapse is often involved in modulatory control of neurotransmitter release?
a) axodendritic b) axosomatic c) axo-axonic d) axosynaptic e) axo-end-plate |
c) axo-axonic
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Gray type ____ synapses are often excitatory and typically synapse onto the ______.
a) II, dendritic shafts b) I, cell body c) I, axon d) II, cell body e) I, dendritic spines |
e) I, dendritic spines
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Inhibitory currents cause an outward ____ current at the synapse and an inward current at other regions of the cell to produce a large ________.
a) Cl¬-, hyperpolarization b) Cl-¬, depolarization c) Na⁺, repolarization d) K⁺, hyperpolarization e) Na⁺, depolarization |
a) Cl¬-, hyperpolarization
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How do metabotrophic receptors modulate synaptic action?
a) affect resting potential b) affect the threshold potential c) modify action potential duration and firing characteristics d) affect input resistance e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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Blockade of the _____ receptor produces symptoms that resemble
hallucinations associated with schizophrenia. a) GABA b) AMPA c) MDMA d) NMDA e) PCP |
d) NMDA
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Synaptic contact can occur on:
a) the cell body b) dendrites c) the axon d) all of the above e) none of the above |
d) all of the above
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Which of the following is the most common morphological type
of synapse in the CNS? a) Kainate b) Gray type I c) gap junction d) Gray type II e) both b & d |
e) both b & d
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Second messengers are activated by:
a) various proteins b) presynaptic terminals c) metabolic glutamate receptors d) action potential e) Na+ |
c) metabolic glutamate receptors
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Excitation is mediated by:
a) glutamate-gated channels b) axosomatic inhibition c) subthreshold synaptic potential d) a single synapse e) dendrites |
a) glutamate-gated channels
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Retrograde transmission refers to:
a) transcellular signaling from pre- to postsynaptic neuron b) transcellular signaling from post- to presynaptic neuron c) the decay of a signal when traveling a long distance d) signal patterns specific to the hippocampus e) none of the above |
b) transcellular signaling from post- to presynaptic neuron
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Which is a difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
a). Hormones are released into the bloodstream but neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. b). Cells respond to a hormone if the cell has a receptor for that hormone but receptors for neurotransmitters do not exist. c). Hormones are chemical messengers that transport signals from one cell to another but neurotransmitters do not aid in signal transport. d). Hormones are packaged in vesicles but neurotransmitters are packaged in cardboard boxes. e). none of the above |
a). Hormones are released into the bloodstream but neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that exists to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft?
a). Kiss and run b). Kiss and tell c). Classical d). Bulk endocytosis e). All of the above are mechanisms that remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. |
b). Kiss and tell
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Which of the following describes the synthesis of Epinephrine from its precursors?
a). Tyrosine to L-DOPA, L-DOPA to Serotonin, Serotonin to Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine to Epinephrine b).Tyrosine to Dopamine, Dopamine to Epinephrine c). Tyrosine to L-DOPA , L-DOPA to Dopamine, Dopamine to Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine to Epinephrine d). Tyrosine to L-DOPA, L-DOPA to U-A-DOPA, U-A-DOPA to Epinephrine e). Tyrosine to 5-HTP, 5-HTP to Serotonin, Serotonin to Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine to Epinephrine |
c). Tyrosine to L-DOPA , L-DOPA to Dopamine, Dopamine to Norepinephrine, Norepinephrine to Epinephrine
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Which neurotransmitter regulates attention and other cognitive functions and is implicated in depression?
a). Acetylcholine b). GABA c). Glycine d). Serotonin e). Glutatmate |
d). Serotonin
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Which of the following is a long projection system of the reticular formation of the brain stem that contains the cell bodies of neurons whose axons reach out across the central nervous system?
a). Noradrenergic system b). Adrenergic system c). Dopaminergic system d). Serotonergic system e). All the above are long projection systems |
e). All the above are long projection systems
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To be considered a neurotransmitter, you need to:
a) Be synthesized in the neuron. b) Be released straight into the blood stream. c) Act on a post-synaptic neuron or effector organ. d) Be really peppy at try-outs. e) a) & c) |
e) a) & c)
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An excess of glutamate:
a) can’t hurt. b) is found in the basal ganglia only. c) results in the formation of new memories. d) can act as a poison in the brain, killing off neurons. e) always ends up being recycled and stored for future use |
d) can act as a poison in the brain, killing off neurons.
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Messages from this sense can be let through to your cortex during sleep and may have implications for bonding:
a) visual b) sensory c) olfactory d) audition e) the sixth sense |
c) olfactory
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Dopamine is a precursor to:
a) Norepinephrine b) Glutamate c) Tryosine d) L-DOPA e) Serotonin |
a) Norepinephrine
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The Benzene ring structure is present in:
a) Serotonin b) Dopamine c) Norepinephrine d) Epinephrine e) All of the above |
e) All of the above
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) _____________ is the process by which vesicles in the post-synaptic cell fuse to the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis c. Indocytosis d. Exocytotron e. Exit only |
a. Exocytosis
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______________ is the process by which an emptied vesicle membrane is taken back up into the interior of the cell again.
a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis c. Indocytosis d. Endocytotron e. Enter only |
b. Endocytosis
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Typically, neurotransmitters usually differ from horomones in that the postsynaptic cell is _______________ to the site of production with neurotransmitters.
a. Distal b. Far c. Close d. Just around the corner e. None of the above |
c. Close
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Which of the following is a criterion to be considered a neurotransmitter:
a. It is synthesized by a neuron b. It is present in the presynaptic terminal and is released in amounts sufficient enough to affect the postsynaptic cell. c. When administered as a drug, it precisely mimics the action of endogenously released transmitter. d. A specific mechanism exists for its removal from the synaptic cleft. e. All of the above |
e. All of the above
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) All biogenic amines derive ( or are synthesized from):
a. Serotonin b. Norepinephrine c. Tyrosine d. Tyra Banks e. None of the above |
c. Tyrosine
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Which of the following receptors indirectly gate ion channels?
a) ionotropic receptors b) metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors c) receptory tyrosine kinase d) all of the above e) both b and c |
e) both b and c
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What biogenic amine is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan?
a) norepinephrine b) serotonin c) dopamine d) epinephrine e) histamine |
b) serotonin
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Which of the following characteristics is indicative of a peptide?
a) formed in the soma b) stored in large-core vesicles c) distributed via slow axoplasmic flow d) has no uptake mechanism e) all of the above |
e) all of the above
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The major serotonergic pathways arise in the ________.
a) arcuate nucleus b) cerebellar cortex c) amygdala d) raphe nuclei e) neocortex |
d) raphe nuclei
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Which of the following cells are important for emotion, perception,
learning, and memory? a) cholinergic b) serotonergic c) dopaminergic d) adrenergic e) histaminergic |
a) cholinergic
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Histamine is an autocoid which acts on:
a) the cell from which it was released b) amino acids c) synapses d) a target other than the releasing neuron e) biogenic amine transmitters |
a) the cell from which it was released
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Which of the following best describes the two main classes
of chemical substances for signaling? a) hormones and neurotransmitters b) serotonergic and dopaminergic transmitters c) small molecule transmitters and neuroactive peptides d) Na+ and K+ e) none of the above |
c) small molecule transmitters and neuroactive peptides
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__________ is a major neurotransmitter involved in various
inhibitory processes. a) histamine b) GABA c) L-dopa d) serotonin e) norepinephrine |
b) GABA
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__________ are capable of acting as hormones or of mimicking
neurotransmitters. a) Purkinje cells b) ventral tegmentum cell bodies c) proteins d) peptides e) all of the above |
d) peptides
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Small molecule transmitter release is triggered by:
a) glycine b) Na+ channels c) Ca2+ channels d) the cycling of synaptic vesicles e) hormones |
c) Ca2+ channels
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