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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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James Lange theory
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autonomic arousal and skeltal muscle actions comes first, what we experience as emotions is what we give to our responses
I experience fear because I run away. 1)event (bear) 2)appraisal (cognition) 3)action-running away 4)emotion-fear commonsense view is that th efear comes right after the situation then you do something about it |
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physiological arousal neccessary for emotion?
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pure automic failure-output from the autonomic nervous system fails-ppl with condition have no changesin heart rate, blood pressure, stress-these ppl do have decreased emotional feelings consistent with predictions from james lange
actual conscious awareness of fear occurs after both autonomic arousal and skeletal response. |
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ppl who hold a pen in their teeth and are forced to smile
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are more likley to report amusement or humor then ppl who are not forced to smile-our perceptions of th ebodys actions do contribute to our emotional feelings.
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limbic system
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forebrain areas surrounding the thalmus regarded as critical for emotions-results for emotions are scattered.
different emotions reflect patterns of activation in different areas |
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brain localization of emotions known
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insular cortex-disguist(primary taste cortex)
medial frontal cortex-anger r amygdala-crying/laughing |
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which hemispehere of the brain is more responsible for emotional stimuli
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right-Behavioral Inhibition System-increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, stimulates emotions
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hormone responsible for aggression
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testosterone, more of it = more violent behavior
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serotonin and aggression
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low serotonin release results in more aggressive behavior
low serotonin turnover (amount of release and resynthesis of a neurotransmitter by a presynaptic neuron) causes aggressive behavior in male rats, not female ones. they more likley to die earlier |
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serotonin turnover is effected by the presence of
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5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a serotonin metabolite in the blood, csf, or urine, high levels of it cause a lot of serotonin turnover.
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startle reflex
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reponse to an unexpected loud noise by infants, indication of built-in, unlearned fears.
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AMYGDALA
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emotional responses activated by the amygdala are not specific to fear, amygdala responds to other peoples expression of emotions, especilly when they are directed at ourselelves (fear) more strongly to averted anger
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benzodiazepines
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most commonly used anxiety drugs, bind to GABA receptor complex, which includes a site that binds to GABA as well as cites that modify the sensitivity of the GABA site. , no direct influence on brain activity, but reduces anxiety and calms things down. produce probability of cell firing.facilitate the effects of GABa-inhibitory effects, until recently most perscribed for insomnia
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phinease gage
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-connections b/w limbic and frontal cortex severed by rod.
-limbic system free to fire messages uninhibited. behaviors are extremely emotional and irrational. |
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Bull Video
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stress is not a physical event, stress reponse determine dby naturef environment, what animal can or cannot do in reponse to stimulis
-aire traffic controlers-under constant stress-physiological problems that could lead to ulcers, heart problems, exhaustion, disease gaba inhibits cell from firing-lowers excitability level |
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stress
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nonspecific reponse of the body to any demand made upon it. (Hans Selyle)
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activation of stress
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HPA axis (hypothalmus, pituitary galnd, adrenal cortex)--> releasing factor-->causes anterior pituitary gland to release--->ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)--->stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
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cortisol
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enhances metabolic activity and elevates blood levels of sugars and other nutrients, reacts more slowly compared to autonomic nervous stsrem
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stress activates which two systems
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ANS (alarm, reistence, exhaustion)
Hypothalmus Pituaitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis |
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stress and immune system
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prolonged stress had detrimental effects
when metabolic activity high cells become more vulnerable |
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PTSD
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distressing recollections, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of event, exagerated arousal to noises and other stimuli
most victims have smaller then average hippocampus sever stress elevated cortisol secretion and high levels of it could have damaged hippocampus also could be that ppl with low cortisol levels are ill equipped to manage stress. |
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forms of learning
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classical conditioning, operant conditioning as well habituation and sensitization
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classical conditioning
(pavlovian) |
pairing 2 stimulis changes the reponse to one of them.
tone-food-salvation tone-salvation tone means something to the dog on a cognitive level-predicitive relationships--> the method by whichorganisms learn to predict important effects *taste aversions-taste predicts illness *morphine tolerance *fear learning-rate, loud noise-fear |
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Operant Conditioning
(insturmental) |
individuals response followed by a reinforcer or punishment
reinforcer-positive or negative incraesed probability of the same response punishment-probability of behavior is decreased,supress prob of response |
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Engram
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physical representation of what has been learned (such as a connection bw two brain areas)
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after lashleys experiements it was concluded that
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types of learning did not depend on connections, amount of brain damage effects retardation not location
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EQUIPOTENTIALITY
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all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning, any part of the cortex can substitue for another
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Mass action
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cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better
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Lateral Interpositis Nucleus
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nucleus in cerebellum
as learing increases the response in these cells increase this structure is neccessary for both learning and retention` temporary supression of lateral interpolus nucleus produces permenant distrubtion of learning during conditioning, site where engram or memory trace for specific learned association is stored. |
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Short term memory
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of events that have just occured, 7 items, memories fade quickly unless they are rehearsed, providing a meaningful context makes material easier to remember. once you have forgotten something it is lost
equivalent to what is in conscious |
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Long term memory
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can recall many of them even if you have not thought about them in years
if you think you have forgotten something some hints can help you reconstruct it. |
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WOrking Memory
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the way we store information while we are working or attending to it. 3 components-visual, auditory, central executive
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consolidation
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process by which memories go from short to long term memory, postulated by D.O. Hebb, not forgotten just not stored
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Amnesia and HM
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surgery for epilectic seizures leads to anterograde and retrograde amnesia, no ability to form episodic memories, cannot describe a singl experience he has had since 1953. was able t oform a few semantic memories, could learn some info if it could be linked to what he already knew.
impaired declerative memory-but intact prcedural memory-(development of motor skills and responses, what we do.) |
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HM also shows better implicit then explicit memory
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implicit-influence of recent experiences on behavior without realizing that we are using the memory
explicit-deliberate recall of information that we recognize as memory. |
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individual differences in hippocampus and memory
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better memory performance on average for those with smaller hippocampuses-may have gone through more apoptosis and pruning
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hippocamopus and declarative memory
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memory of what we call decleartive also involves when something happens. , more imprortant for processing nov4el then unfamiliar stimuli.
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radial maze
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mouses with hippocampul damage enter the correct arm twice-forgot which ones they have already entered.
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morris water maze
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rats with damage have trouble remembering the location of the platform
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size of hippocamps relative to the rest of the brain
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birds with largest hippocampus have the best spatial memory-link between these two things
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configural learning
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meaning of a stimulis depends on what other stimulis are paired with it, hippocampus impairs.
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emotions and memory
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emotionally stirring memories consolidate quickly. emotionally exciting experiences increase the secretion of epinepherine and cortisol-which activate the amygdala and hippocamapus where the nhance the storage and consolidation of memories.
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Korsakoffs syndrome
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brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency (glucose not metabloized, so shrinkage of neurons), most common in alcoholics
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priming
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type of implicit memory, seeing or hearing words temporarily increases th eprobability of one using them. , korsakoffs syndrome ppl show strong priming skills and smplicit memory lik eother ppl with amnesia
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confabulation
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patietns take a guess to fill in his or her memory, korskaffs patietns does no confabuate on all answers but usually only on things about themselves, patients have troubl einhibiting an answer they already made,
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alzheimers disease
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better procedural then declarative memory, mre severe roblems with explicit, comes more common as we age, memory loss, confusion, depression, hallucinations, delusions, loss of appetite
995 of cases have a late onset, after age 60-65-not really genetically based. gyri shrunken in brain |
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cause of alzheimers
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caused by brain proteins that fold abnormally, clump together and interefer with normal neuronal activity, accumulation of protein amylooid amyloid bete protein (42 amino acids), accamulates and clumps with other molecules lik eit and damages membranes of other axons and dendrites, plaques, tangles
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treatments for alzheimers
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drugs that stimulate acetycholine receptors or prolong its release, major damage area is basal forebrain, curcumin
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video
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no localization of memory (1920 at eexperiment
ppl do not lose all aspects of memory equally -memory storage in temporal lobe, what penfield concludes *storage of memory located where processing (activity) occurs *temporal lobe-hippocampus |
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Peter (hippocampus/memory)
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-amygdala and hippocampus close to one another-connection bw emotions and memory
-LTM, but cannot remember new things, anterograde amnesia (no recollection of ne wthings that happen) hippocampus damaged cannot lay down new memories, intellectual capacity in tact, hides disorder -used to be outgoing, now shy -some components of memory could be improved b ysimple tissue implants-may be useful for humans |
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alzheimers disease
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-cortex starved for excitation
-memory, pseech problems -problems with consolidation |
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hebbian synapse
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a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of stimultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons (incoming action potential arrives @ same time as postsynaptic neuron has action potential )
-displays learning |
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aplysia
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neurns are virtually identical to one another
habituation in aplysia depends on in the change in th esynapse between the sensoy and motor neuron. -decreased transmission, decreased release o fneurotransmitter at synapse between sensory andmotor neuron |
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sensitization
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an increase in a reponse to mild stimuli as a result of previous exposure to mor eintense stimuli
-stimulation of a facilitatingneuron (one that is cnnected to axon of sensory neuron to motor neuron) releases serotonin to the presynaptic receptors o nthe sensory neuron, blocking pottasium channels and thereby prolonging release of neurotransmitter this process happens when there is strong stimulation on th eskin. is the sensitizing stimulis occurs repeatedly, the sensory neuron synthesizes new proteins that produce long term sensitization |
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Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
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one or more axons connected to a dendrite bombard it with a brief but rapid series of stimuli, this burst of intense stimulation leaves some synpases potentiated (more reposnive to input of the same type) for minutes, days or weeks
celular basis for learning and memory -->specificity, cooperativity, associativity |
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glutamate receptors
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AMPA NMDA
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AMPA /NMDA receptors
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glutamate binds to AMPA/NMDa
-@ AMPA:opens channelNA enters-depolarization channels from opening -@NMDA-magnesium ion blocks NMDA receptor stimulation of nmda receptors lets calcium enter the cell, where it sets in motion a series of changes that potentiate the dendrites future responsiveness to glutamate, mostly at ampa receptors, after the nmda potentiate the ampa receptors, they revert to their original condition |
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video-memory mechanisms
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1)growth of synapses-incraese in #
2)anatomical differences @ synapse-regularly elongated more normal looking-memoryies, reshaping of synapses allows for physical memory and to finction more optimally 3)pairing down of neurons-some neurons connections disintegrate/dissapear so that remaining ones are more efficent |
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laterilzation of function
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specialization of labor between 2 hemispheres, each hemisphere mostly controls conrtalateral side of the body-taste and smell are the exceptions
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Left H
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language, speech comprhension, left plenum temporate us karger in right in 65% of ppl
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right H
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-visual, spatial tasks, synthetic processing. gestires-emotional responses
-activated by fear and anger |
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handedness and genetics
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slightly more then 90% of ppl are right handed, other 10 are left but mostly ambidexterous
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RH/CW hair swirl
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same dominant gene, 90% of right handers have a cw hair swirl
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RH/radom hair whorl
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recessive
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left hand.swirl
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split evenly bw cw and ccw
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left handers
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-anatomically/functionally more variable
-mixed hemisphere dominance for speech -corpus collusum=thicker, greater communication |
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commisures
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1)corpus callosum
2)anterior commisure 3)hippocampul commisure |
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auditory and lateralization
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each hemisphere receives auditory input from both ears, but major input is from opposite ear.
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visual and laterilzation
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right visual field goe sto the left half of each retina-goes to left hemisphere, left half of visual fild goe sto the right sid eof each retina-to right hemisphere
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development of corpus callosum
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takes 5-10 yrs to finish developing to determine which axons will interconnect bw hemispheres and survive, children born without corpus callosum can do tests that adults with severed cc cannot.--they have developed pathways to both sides of the body and other commisures become larger, each hemisphere develops pathways connecting it to both sides of the body
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apilepsy
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condition with repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity, bc of decreased release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA
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focus
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point in th ebrain where seizures begin
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split brain perception-ppl-ppl who have undergone surgery to cc
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-prevents exchange of info b/w hemipsheres
-after surgery seizures only affect half of the brain and make seizures less frequent -can use their hand independtly in ways that other ppl cannot -plan two actions at once - |
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productivity
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distinct to human language-ability to produce neww signals to represent new ideas
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chimpanzee differences in language
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-don't use symbols-lack productivity
-used symbols to request, rarely to describe -say more then they understand. in contrast young children can understand far more then they can say BOnobo monkeys are far more advanced however |
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ability to form spoken language probably evolved from early communication by
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gestures
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theories of evolution of language
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byproduct of brain developent OR evolved as extra part of brain
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big brains means big inteligence
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-elephant/whale brains larger
-brain t0 body ration0animals have higher rates then humans |
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williams syndrome
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language i snot simply a byproduct of overall intelligence bc ppl with this syndrome have adanced language skills despite their retardation
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LAD
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a built in mechanism for aquring language, ease at which children aquire language
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poverty of the stimulis argument
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children do not hear many examples of some o fthe grammatical structures they aquire therefore they could not learn them.
lack experiences relate dto their development |
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but no specific strcuture for language
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likley that selective pressure for social interactions favored the evolution of language and overll intelligence developed as a by product of language
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critical period
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children better at mastering pronounciation and grammer of a 2nd language when they learn it compared to adults, but adults better at memorizing vocabularly
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more brain and language
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-amount of language area in the brain activated depends on mastery, not age started
0location on the brain of language depends on age started-sart 2nd language early will share some structures of 1st language-no accent -start 2nd language later, will have a separate area in the brain and more of an accent. -interconnection bw brocas and wernickes area |
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aphasia
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sever language impairment
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brocas areas
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part of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral cortex
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brocas aphasia
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serious impairment of language PRODUCTION, comprehend more then they are able to say. have difficulties when the sentence structure is complicated
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wernickes aphasia
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impaired ability to remember the names of objects and impaired language COMPREHENSION
1)articulate speech 2)anomia-difficulty finding the names for objects 3)poor language comprehenions |
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language requires activation
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of many different areas other then brocas andwernickes, not exclusive to this areas.
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dyslexia
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impairment in reading in person with adequate vision and skills in other academic areas, more common in boys, bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex, fail to recognize a word as a whole, have trouble noticing subtle differences bw words.
-hypothesis-they have problem connectingvision to sound, attetion problems most effective treatment=behavioral interventions |
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attention
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sonomonous with conscious-working memory
-can only pay attention to one stimulis at a time-stimuli enter consciousness from "bottom up" processig by arousing the brain and focusing attention -conscious focusing of attention is top down processing |
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spatial neglact
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tendency to ignore the left side of the body or th eleft side of surroudings and objects-but can still focus attention through top down processing.
caused by damage to the superior temporal cortex |
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ADHD
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attention deficits (distractibility) hyperactivity (fidgetness) impulsiveness, mood swings, short temper, high sensitivity t ostress
choice delay task |
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diagnosis with adhd
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highly overdiagnosed
diagnosis to 3-10% of children in 'us, with males outnumbering females |
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treatments
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should be behavioral, but ritalin and adderall are commonly used (stimulant drugs that increase attentiveness, social relationships, decrease implusiveness)
high heredibility, ppl with adhd have |
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attention movie notes
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-attentional systems direct visual perception
-once you draw attention to something-peggy able t onotice differences in her drawing, sees whole picture in mind, what is missing on paper is generated by her imaginatiom |
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substance abuse
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maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
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addicitive substances
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most abused drugs as well as ordinary pleasures lead to an increase in DA activity
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drugs
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1)alter synthesis of nt
2)distrupt vesicles 3)decraese reuptake 4)increase release 5)block breakdown into inactive chemicals (MAO) |
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Old/Milner rat experiment
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self stimulation of the brain-animals press lever to reciee stimulation inpreference to food, female rats-powerful centers in brain asociated with pleasure.
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nucleus accumbens
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activity relates to wanting-to develop an addiction is t oincrease ho wmuch you want some thingnot neccessarily how much you like it.
-pleasure center-chemical due to reinforcement role-cells inhibited by incraese in DA actvity, repeated use of drug incrreases inhibition in cortex so that only the strongest stimuli, or addictive substances can get through |
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sensitizing and nucleus accumbens
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to become sensitized means that the na response to it become stronger.. repeated use of a drug increaes its chances of releaseing DA. when this happens th eperson reposnds less then normal to other incentives
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withdrawel periods
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recieving drug in a withdrawel period increases sensitization to it. drug relieves the distress caused b ydrug withdrawel and produces heiughhtened effects at that time
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alcoholism
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-inhibits Na flow
-decreases serotonin activity -facilitates transmission of GABA receptor -blocks glutamate receptors -increase DA activity -toxic to neurons but in moderation ppl tend to be healthier. |
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type 1
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late onset, gradual, fewr alcholic relatives, less severe
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type 2
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genetic basis stronger, earlier onset, men more then women, sever criminality
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atabuse
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stops metabolism of ethyl alcohol by antagonizing effects of acetaldehyde, acetalhyde is metabolized from alcohol in the liver, it is then converted to acetic acid, antabuse makes ppl sick and is a possibe treatment for alcoholism, by binding to coper ion
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50% of chinese and japanese have a gene that
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slows metabolism of acetaldehyde, so alcoho abuse is uncommon in these countries
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depression
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most common in women over men.
maladaptive behaviors are really like normal behaviors-normal for coping, become abnormal when they last too long. |
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hormones and depression
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postpartum depression-hormones can trigger an episode of depression
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borna disease
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virus predisposes ppl to psychotic disorders, period of frantic activity alternate with periods of iactivity
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types of antidepressants- trycyclics
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prevent presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing serotonin, dopamine, or norephinerprine, continued stimulation
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ssri
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specific to serotonin, block reuptake
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maoi
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block the enzyme MAO, a presynaptic enzme that metabolizes chatechomines and serotonins into inactive forms, more nt availbale , ppl taking this drug must avoid tramine-combination of tyramine and MAOI increases blood pressure
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placebos
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not much less effective than other antidepressants due to pavlovian conditioning
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effects of antidepressants
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continued use of antidepressants increase cell zie in hippocampus and cerebral cortex by increasing release of nt, permenant effect on brain physiology and function
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electroconvulsive therapy
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electrically induced sezure, less depression that lasts for a while, 1 night of sleep deprivationproduces decrease in depression
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bipolar ii
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milder manic phases-hypomania
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