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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wakefulness |
-active, deliberate, sensory-motor engagement-awareness and memory formation-
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Sleep
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-Recumbent posture-Lack of sensory-motor engagement-Unique behavior of dreaming
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Function of sleep |
avoid predatorsconserve energy (but our brain is still very active and uses up a lot of energy) restore tissues (growth hormone, immune activity, replenish glycogen in brain) consolidate memory: cognitive function
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How is Sleep Studied?
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-Electroencephalogram (electrode is not spatially specific so its picking up activity from millions of neurons, we can detect these weak signals but there seems to be a coincidence of activity)-Amplitude depends on synchrony
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Amplitude, frequency, and sleep
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Awake: high frequency, low amplitudeAsleep: low amplitude, high frequency
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Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
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it has similar brain patterns as people that are awakeresearchers found that REM sleep people woken up were usually dreaming-desynchronized sleep patterns-PONS: controls REM SLEEP!!!!!
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slow-wave sleep
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synchronized sleep patterns
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Biological clock
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circadian rhythminternally regulatedrhythm persists in total darknessself sustainingendogenous to organismentrained by zeitgebers, so it becomes free-running after zeitgebers
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Retinal cells that send axons to the brain are called
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ganglion cells (because rods and cones just gather photic info) -EXPRESSES MELANOPSIN
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VP (Vasopressin) function in sleep
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Vasopressin regulates human sleep by reducing rapid-eye-movement sleeplevel of VP changes throughout the day
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What is the dominant stimulus |
light! (dominant stimulus)-luminosity of light, not color, shape, or movement-Retinal-Ganglion Cell: has glutamate nuerotransmitter
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SCN Axons affect
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-Motor performance-Memory-Hormone secretion-Temperature regulation-Reproduction-Arousal/Sleep
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Per:
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the first clock gene to be clonedCircadian oscillation of mRNA and protein levelsMutations can cause a shorter or longer rhythmCANT directly bind to dna
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Tim
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second gene that controls rhythmicityNeither can directly bind to DNA*PER and TIM dimerize*Cant directly bind to dna
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How can you induce sleep?
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by causing slow wave activity in the thalamus
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Reticular Activating system
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-in the BRAIN STEM!!!!-responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.-reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. -It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep.
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Ach's role in sleep
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-is an arousal transmitter-cholinergic activation in the RAS results in increased acetylcholine release in PONS and forebrain-important as arousal molecule in brainstem, ANYTHING that inhibits cholichinergic neurons inhibits arousal
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Where is orexin arousal system???
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Hypothalamus!!!!!-increases SNS, appetite, AND reward-seeking
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Where are most of the arousal systems located?
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brainstem
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Sleep center???
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VLPOA
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What Modulates Learning and Memory
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-prefrontal cortex-hippocampus-caudate nucleus-nucleus accumbens-
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What regulates Autonomic, Behavioral, and Hormonal Responses?
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hypothalamusmidbrainponsBNST
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Limbic Dopamine System
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Ventral Tegmental Area (DA)--> Ventral Striatum (Nucleus Accumbens)--> Orbitofrontral Cingulate Cortex--> relays back to cortex
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3 Parts of an Emotional Response
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autonomic (ANS)Endocrinemotor component
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Tone pathway of fear conditioning
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8th cranial nerve--> thalamus--> auditory cortex
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3 Major Pathways of fear conditioning and what innervates them/ they innervate
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Medial Group: olfactory systemBasolateral group: cortex. prefrontal cortex (important for putting together conditioned response with unconditioned response)Central/ Anterior Group: hypothalamus/brainstem (endocrine changes/ behavioral changes)
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