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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social attachment involves areas like
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Social behavior
Matinng and aggression Strong social bonding is essential |
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he forma5on of strong bonds between adults and the bi-‐parental care of offspring are generally only displayed by
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species that follow monogamous life strategies, including our own.
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Strong social bonding is essential
– for individual well-‐being, – in humans, is a critical component |
mental health.
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failure to attain social attachment leads to
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autism, social anxiety, and schizophrenia
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Onset of maternal behavior..rat experiment
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Terkel and Rosenbla) established that there must be something in the blood that induces maternal behavior.
• They transfused blood from a female rat that had just delivered to a virgin rat. • Within 24 hours, the virgin rat was displayed maternal behavior |
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what seems to mediate the maternal instinct?
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oxytocin. Mice lacking the oxytocin receptor gene show impaired maternal behavior.
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Arginine Vasopressin in Males regulates
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social recognitioon and interactioon
– inter-‐male aggression – as well as paternal care in the biparental prairie voles. |
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The female Arginine Vasopressin system seems to be important for
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regulator of maternal care in lactating rats and mice. IncreasingtheavailabilityofAVPintheextracellularspace, by chronic icv infusion, in lacta5ng rats or by acute icv injec5ons in lacta5ng mice promotes maternal care.
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How can maternal care be reduced in female rats?
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Blocking V1a receptors by repeated acute injec5ons of a selec5ve antagonist
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Another NTs involved in maternal behavior is
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dopamine which is released by nucleus accumbes (ventral tegmental area). Orbitofrontal cortex is active in mothers
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Rats raised by a mother with a high frequency of licking and grooming behavior show
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more modest cor5costerone release in response to stress
– less cor5cotrophin-‐releasing hormone messenger RNA (CRH-‐mRNA) – greater glucocor5coid receptors (GR) in the hippocampus. |
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Whats the result of having had a rat mom who licked and groomed a lot?
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Female rats raised by mothers who were high lickers and groomers are less anxious in an open area (A) and are more likely to be high lickers and groomers when raising their own pups (B) —regardless of their gene5c lineage.
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why do pups raised by low licks and groom mothers have less glucocorticoid receptors?
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because there is a greater methylation of the DNA on the promoter region that transcribes glucocorticoid receptors
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rats from low lick and groom mothers who are treated with methyl inhibitor show
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normal hypothalamic-‐pituitary-‐ adrenal response to stress
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prairie vole is good for pair bonding studies because
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• The prairie vole, a mictro5ne species found in the grasslands of the central United States is commonly used to study social a)achment.
• Field studies have shown that prairie voles are monogamous as males and females form long-‐term pair bonds a_er ma5ng, share a nest and home range throughout the breeding season, and tend to travel together. • Once bonded, an adult male and female prairie vole will usually remain together un5l one partner dies, and even then, will rarely form a new pair bond. |
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Roles of the mother and father prairie vole
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mother and father prairie voles par5cipate in rearing their offspring, and fathers contribute both directly and indirectly to the survival of their pups by displaying all aspects of parental behavior except nursing.
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Prairie vole partner preferential test
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Male and female voles are mated for 24 h.
• They are then separated, and the male is placed in a three-‐ chambered apparatus and given a choice between the partner female, a stranger female, or a neutral area. • Females are tethered to their respec5ve chambers. • Whereas prairie voles spend significantly greater 5me with their partner, montane voles spend most of their 5me in the neutral cage area. |
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Prarie vole seem to attach due to the presence of
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AVP and Oxytocin(OT)
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V1aR antagonist injected in praire vole showed
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prevented partner preference forma5on following 24 hours of ma5ng whereas administra5on of AVP induced partner preferences without ma5ng, implica5ng central AVP in pair bonding.
- inhibited, selec5ve aggression in male prairie voles. |
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Specific injections of AVP demonstrated what areas to be involved in attachment
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Lateral septum or VP
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do promiscuous prarie respond to AVP and OT manipulations at LS or Ventral Premotor?
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nO
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Seeing people suffering or under threat also ac5vates mirror neuron networks where
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ventral premotor and temporal parietal junc5on), which are sensi5ve to both execu5on and observa5on of goal-‐directed ac5ons.
• A recent study conducted in people who perceive a touch on their own body when seeing another person being touched (mirror touch synesthesia) further validated this concept: In this study, the feeling of being touched was correlated with affec5ve empathy. |
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Females who scored higher in empathy scales seem to have more pronounced
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ac5va5on in mirror neural networks in response to viewing facial expressions.
• Mirror neuron networks might also have a role in altruis5c behavior. |
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While sharing another person’s emo5on by observing might be important for consequent prosocial behavior, another aspect of empathy – empathic concern – may be more directly relevant for affilia5ve behavior.
• Empathic concern (sympathy) might urge us to |
affiliate with others and act to reduce their anxiety.
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trust, and axiety relation to oxytocin
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In humans, studies have shown that oxytocin increases trust and decreases anxiety.
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oxytocin administra5on was reported to:
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increase generosity,
enhance the processing of posi5ve emo5ons and decrease the processing of nega5ve emo5ons enhance the encoding of posi5ve social emo5ons. |
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Oxytocin administra5on decreases ac5va5ons in amygdala and some other brain regions such as dorsal striatum in response to faces, leading to aversive s5muli and breaches of trust.
• These reduced ac5va5ons are associated with |
behavioral changes such as not showing decreased trust behavior a_er breaches of trust and more posi5ve ra5ngs for condi5oned aversive face s5muli.
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dictator game experiment
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Thestandardeconomicanalysisofthedictatorgamepivots on the assump5on that individuals prefer having more money to having less: the dictator should take all the money for himself, leaving nothing for the recipient.
• Laboratorystudiesofthedictatorgame,however,havenot yielded this result. • Infact,previousinves5ga5onsreportawidedispersionof dictator game giving. • Somedictatorsdoleavenothing,butothersgiveawayas much as 50% of the pie. • Themodalamountle_issome5mesashighas30percent |
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In the dictator game, which receptor is associated with altruistic behavior?
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Arginine vasopressin receptor (AVPR1) promoter region repeat length
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Autism is Defined by clinical assessment and onset of three core disturbances before three years of age:
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atypical social behavior;
– disrupted verbal and non-‐verbal communica5on; – unusual pa)erns of highly restricted interests and repe55ve behaviors. |
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what issues have the ability to explain autism?
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deficits in high-‐ order abili5es such as ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) and execu5ve func5ons have the poten5al to explain au5s5c symptoms.
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Some studies say that social deficits may not be explained solely by high order functions because
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in au5s5c spectrum disorders, impairments in more basic processes such as motor contagion in response to facial mimicry or yawning in others have also been reported.
au5s5c individual are also less sensi5ve to the emo5onal cues of others that may contribute to their impairments in prosocial behavior. |
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what genes seemed to be involved in autism?
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oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms
variants of AVPR1 gene |
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what is a psychopathy?
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specific type of an5social personality disorder that is characterized by
• glib charm, lack of remorse or guilt, manipula5veness and (importantly) callousness and lack of empathy. |
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Psychopathy is an impairment in
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affilialiative behaviour is
– a core feature of psychopathy |
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Although psychopaths are unable to feel genuine emo5ons in response to others’ suffering, they have an intact
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ToM (cogni5ve empathy) capacity and they might be quite skillful in using their cogni5ve empathic abili5es to deceive, manipulate or dominate others.
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Psychopathy has been shown to be associated with structural deficits in brain regions important for moral conduct such as
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OFC, anterior temporal cortex and insula.
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Prisoners dilemma:
Two suspects are arrested by the police. • The police have insufficient evidence for a convic5on, and, having separated the prisoners, visit each of them to offer the same deal. • If one tes5fies for the prosecu5on against the other (defects) and the other remains silent (cooperates), the defector goes free and the silent accomplice receives the full 10-‐year sentence. • If both remain silent, both prisoners are sentenced to only six months in jail for a minor charge. • If each betrays the other, each receives a five-‐year sentence. • Each prisoner must choose to betray the other or to remain silent. • Each one is assured that the other would not know about the betrayal before the end of the inves5ga5on. • How should the prisoners act? |
Unlike the individuals with low psychopathy scores, subjects scoring high in psychopathy were less likely to maintain coopera5on a_er establishing a pa)ern of mutual coopera5on with a partner.
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What areas show less activation in psychopaths?
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ess orbitofrontal ac5va5on in response to choosing to cooperate and
– showed less amygdala ac5va5on in response to nonreciprocated coopera5on. |
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individuals with low pychopathy showed an increased activation within
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dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and rostral anterior cingulate when they choose to defect, individuals with psychopathic features showed a similar ac5va5on when choosing to cooperate.
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ndividualswithpsychopathy may require greater cogni5ve effort to over-‐ come
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their emotional bias toward noncooperation.
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Theresearchersaskedsubjectssimplytopressakeywhen shown a pair of words.
– One word had either posi5ve or nega5ve connota5ons. – The other was either a common Dutch first name like Peter, or an out-‐group name, like Markus or Helmut for the Germans, and Ahmad or Youssef for the Muslims. • Theresearchersmeasuredthelengthof5measubject takes to press a key. – If both words have the same emo5onal value, the subject will press the key more quickly than if the emo5onal overtones conflict and the mind takes longer to reach a decision. • Subjectswhohadsniffedadoseofoxytocin40minutes earlier were significantly more likely to favor |
favor their own group
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In another set of experiments the Dutch students were given standard moral dilemmas in which a choice must be made about whether to help a person onto an overloaded lifeboat, thereby drowning the five already there, or saving five people in the path of a train by throwing a bystander onto the tracks.
• The five people who might be saved were nameless, but the sacrificial vic5m had either a Dutch or a Muslim name. • Subjects who had taken oxytocin were far more likely to sacrifice |
the Muslim than the Dutchman.
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Oxytocin’s effect seems to be achieved more through inducing
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feelings of loyalty to the in-‐ group than by fomen5ng hatred of the out-‐ group.
• The Dutch researchers found some evidence that it enhances nega5ve feelings, but this was not conclusive. • “Oxytocin creates intergroup bias primarily because it mo5vates in-‐group favori5sm and because it mo5vates out-‐group deroga5on” |
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Aphasia
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Loss or impairment of language caused by dysfunction in specific brain regions
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what areas are activated during language?
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PET and later fMRI showed that areas in both hemispheres of the brain are activated specifically during language tasks, although the left hemisphere reliably shows more activation in the majority of neurologically normal adults
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if you are right handed over 90% of the time language function is going to be
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dominant to the left cerebral hemisphere. As such left handed are less organized in terms of functionality in the brain
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If theres no history of left handeness in the tfamily, than being left handed implies that there has already been some cerebral reorganization. So we cant assume that
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eft handed people are left language dominant
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The recognition that focal neurodegenerative disease could cause primary progressive aphasia allowed exploration of
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patterns of language deficits that are caused by atrophy of regions of the brain that are not typically damaged by stroke.
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what hemispheres activate during language task?
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both left and right
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f we hear the word horse, the first step is to hear it so this is the primary level proccess
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Hesches gyrus), so lesions that affect this produce word deafness so signal is not perceived. Auditory augnosia.
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So if a pic of a horse is shown, what gets activated?
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inferior parietal lobule in the angular gyrus area 39 is where the crossmodal association takes place
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The number one deficit that occurs in patients with lesions in the angular gyrus is that there is no crossmodal association, so theres a problem with
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naming (pic identification) anything that involves the mixing of different sources of info.
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f the sound of a horse is played, the need for visual info is eliminated and theres a lesion in the angular gyrus, than the patient accesses the lexical label belonging to the sound through
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primary and secondary processing in the temporal lobe.
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when can we repeat a word or a sound? what structures needs to be intact?
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arcuate fasciculus, wernickes, superior longitudinal fasciculus, brocas area then we could repeat the sound. disruption anywhere in tihis network, different aphasias ensue. These regions are all proximal to silvian fisssure…so when that region is affected different aphasias can occur, but you can have lessions proximal but not part of this loop and they still produce aphasia symptoms.
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Visual info processed in
Auditory info Verbalization (motor production of speech) |
occipital cortex
Helsch gyrus broca |
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Aphasia symptoms after left hemisphere damage, occur often due to lesions in
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watershed areas (areas not directly perfused by circulation)
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is influent speech a direct sign of aphasia.
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No. Do not confuse influent speech with a sign of aphasia, especially in individuals whose primary language isnt english or not educated in the country. The later in life you learn to speak the language, the slower and less fluent you become
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PARAPHASIAS
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The production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during the effort to speak
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Literal (or Phonemic) Paraphasia
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Verbal (or Semantic) Paraphasia
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When an unintended word is inadvertently used in place of another, the substituted words are usually related in connotative (semantic) sphere .
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What are circumlocutions
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Instead of saying eyebrow she said hair (talking around it to access the name) lady in the video has semantic aphasia. Then lady says eyebrow but not pronounced fully so it is a literal aphasia.
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Spontaneous speech includes
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includes the melodic intonation of speech, which is mediated by the nondominant hemisphere. So if right handed and damage to the right hemisphere..there may be loss in the ability to entone properly "expressive aprosodia"
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Cookie theft card to produce spontaneous speech
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this is to get spontaneous speech. Patient is asked to describe whats going on. Patient is fluent. Doc asks what the mom is doing, but patient cant say washing dishes. Patient has word finding problems, so he is fluent but when he encounters a content word or attempts to name an object he has issues doing it and he gets slow.
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how to access comprehension level of patients?
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yes or no questions are asked
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Classic Aphasia (Vascular) Syndromes can be
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Broca’s Aphasia
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A perisylvian aphasia would be one that
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If asked to repeat a word, and if theres a damage to loop, you are not able to repeat it. Thats why repition is important for the aphasia exam
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Broca’s Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming Reading & writing paraphasias |
-nonfluent, aggramatic
-ok -impair -poor -impaired -rare |
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Broca's aphasia is damage to
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Left inferior, posterior frontal (44,45)
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why is comprehension intact in broca's aphasia patients?
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parasylvian loop, and it is affected, patient will not be able to repeat yes or no. But posterior brain areas are intact so comprehension regions are intact. Naming no matter which aphasia, can always be afffected, it has no specific local aphasia value
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Wernicke's aphasia
Speech Comprehension Repetition naming Read and write paraphasias |
-fluent
-impaired -impaired -poor -impaired -common/mixed |
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Wernicke's aphasia is due to damage to
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Left (posterior/superior) temporal. Even though is parasylvian, the posterior (motor components of the loop are preserved) it is the decoding mechanism that gets compromised.
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vConduction Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming Read and writing Paraphasias |
-fluent
-ok -impaired -poor -good/impaired -common-literal |
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conduction aphasia is damage to
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Left supramarginal gyrus or left auditory cortex & insula (arcuate fasciculus)
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Transcortical Motor aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming read & writing paraphasias |
-nonfluent
-ok -ok -poor -good/impaired rare |
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Transcortical Motor due to damage in
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Anterior or superior to Broca’s area (“extrasylvian”)
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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming read and writing paraphasias |
-fluent
-impaired -intact -poor -impaired -common-literal |
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Transcortical Sensory Aphasia damage to
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Left supramarginal gyrus or left auditory cortex & insula (arcuate fasciculus)
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Anomic Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming read and writing paraphasias |
-fluent
-ok -ok -impaired -maybe -rare |
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Anomic aphasia is damage to
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lesion specific to the left angular gyrus. Patient in video is fluent so he is not paraphasic, but when it comes to naming objects he knows what it is and describes it
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Global Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming read and writing paraphasias |
-nonfluent
-impaired -impaired -impaired -impaired -common-mixed |
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Global aphasia is due to damage in
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large, left perisylvian lesion separate frontal and t-p
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Subcortical Aphasia
speech comprehension repetition naming read and writing paraphasias |
-fluent/non
-variabel -ok -poor -maybe -common |
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Subcortical Aphasia due to
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Head of caudate nucleus; Anterior limb of internal capsule; thalamus
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Aphemia
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Disturbance of motor verbal output alone
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Differentiating Aphasia Syndromes
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Wernicke’s - Transcortical Sensory
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