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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotion for us plays the role to
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motivate us to avoid or aproach stimulus
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Darwin proposed humans had a finite number of
emotions, linked it to |
survival
HAPPINESS, SURPRISE, ANGER, SADNESS, FEAR, DISGUST, EMBARRASSMENT, CONTEMPT |
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Universality of emotions shown in
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in babies since no one teaches them how to act happy or sad so inherently natural
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Dimensional approach to emotion: Valence vs Arousal
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One axis is how aroused an stimulus is and the other axis is how it makes you feel..plesant or unpleasant. Something can be very positive and highly aroused
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Overtime there have been layers and layers of what emotions are and how they make us behave. But all of them have led to the same 5 conclusions
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Perception of emotion producing stimulus
2. Interpretation 3. Activation of visceral-skeletal response 4. Body to brain feedback 5. ‘Emotional Experience’ |
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The James Lange theory of emotion tells us
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we start with
1)stimulus 2)perception/interpretation 3)specific patterns of autonomic arousal (hr etc) 4)particular emotion experienced |
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In the schachter's cognitive theory, emotions experienced will affect
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future interpretations of stimuli and continuing autonomic arousal
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What do emotions do for us, everyday?
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protect us from dangerous
Reward Guide us to make decisions Communication |
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what is emotioanl intelligence?
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ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.”
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Using emotions allows us to facilitate cognitive task for instance
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During a test, the stress in answering some questions makes you feel more confident or doomed
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The model Papez described was more about memory and movement and less about emotion, nonetheless he was the first to propose the idea of
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an emotional circuit
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James Papez, circa 1937
– proposed specific brain circuit characteristics |
Focused on medial aspects of the cerebral hemisphere
– Limbic lobe; (limulus is Latin for rim); • part of cortex that forms a rim around the corpus callosum & diencephalon – Two main parts: cingulate gyrus & parahippocampal gyru |
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The modern conception of limbic system added, and what are their functions?
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of orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. These 2 regions + related structures in thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral striatum especially important (shown in Green).
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In monkeys, whats their behavior without the amygdala?
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Resections of the temporal lobe in monkeys led to not being able to categorize what they were seeing and also had abnormal behavior they became tame and hyperaroused and hyperactive. Stimuli that should cause monkeys to be fearful just doesnt elicit response from them and they show no freeze at all. But monkeys with one amygdala left act normal and they freeze.
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Where is the amygdala?
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temporal lobe anterior to hippocampus
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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visual agnosia, not blind, but responded inappropriately to objects. Bizarre oral behaviors. Hyperactivity. Hypersexual. Change in emotion. Lost hostility & fear to humans. Tame.
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What would happen to us humans if we didn’t have amygdalae?
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Less hesitant to approach to things that evoke fear
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Urbach-Wiethe disease
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bilateral calcification and atrophy of the anterior-medial temporal lobes.
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Urban-Wiethe disease characteristics
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No motor or sensory impairment, and no notable deficits in intelligence, memory, reasoning abilities, or language function. Her ability to assess unfamiliar faces and match face identity was intact.
- Incapable of recognizing fear or terror in other people's faces. She does not exhibit normal fear responses. Her behavior toward others is trusting and friendly where people not suffering from her condition would be wary. Patient has little or no difficulty recognizing happiness or other emotions, except fear, in the faces of others. She finds it difficult to describe or draw faces of fear. |
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In rats, tone +shock they learn quickly what to do when hearing the tone to not get shock..so to study this rxn to learn association btw a bad experience and stimilu is the role of
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the amygdala.
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Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus neurons release
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orticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)
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Pituitary secretes
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Adrenal cortex & medulla
produces and releases |
produces and releases glucocorticoids
b) releases catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) |
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Under stress, amygdala activates
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HPA axis
Adaptive, stress motivates and guides and helps us remember (mostly positive effects acutely...) |
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what happens once stress subsides?
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glucocorticoids ‘feedback’ regulate ACTH and CRH release by binding to mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) recepotors at pituitary, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex
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what does the amygdala activate to stimulate HPA?
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PVN
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what inhibits the PVN?
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Cortisol feedback
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Tonic inhibition of amygdala by
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Frontal cortex
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he area that adds the cognitive layer to interpret events as their happening to assign a positive or negative value to our values and decision making.
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Orbital frontal cortex
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The implicit aspects of emotion are
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Automatic,modular and cognitively impenetrable.
Brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, basal ganglia (N.Accumbes) |
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Emotions explicit aspects
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Conscious emotional feelings at different levels of activity
VMPFC, Insula, somatosensory cortex Focal attention to feelings Reflective awareness |
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Somatic Marker Theory says that Somatic events are
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bodily sensations;; a “somatic marker” implies a link to a physiological experience.
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Somatic markers narrow the options by
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automatically anticipating the affective consequences of each action
-Indexed as skin conductance response in ‘anticipation’ of loss |
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Cards experiment
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n the experiment with the 4 decks that were associated with either high reward but also a lot of losses..and in subsequent decks they'll be less reward but less losses. A regular person would change their behavior upon knowing the value of the desks, so overtime person would stop choosing from deck A and D. Lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex instead of moving towards Decks C and B, they continue to gamble with A and D
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driving force (desire) behind all actions of an organism;; we are ‘motivated’ to approach things that are pleasurable/rewarding to us and avoid things that are unpleasant/punishing to us. Examples include hunger, thirst, escape from pain, aggression.
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Motivation:
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activates a forward-directed motivated behavior. Examples include food, sex, drugs of pleasure. In animal literature, this is referred to as incentive value or incentive salience.
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Reward:
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primary NE responsible of carrying response and interpretation for motivated behavior
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Dopamine
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Reinforcement system:
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Reinforcement system: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
• links to limbic (amygdala), ventral striatum (Nacc), frontal cortex (OFC) |
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pathway that controls motivated behavior.
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Nucleus Sucumbus or mesolimbic/cortical pathway from the vta to nucleus succumbus to the amygdala to hypoccampus
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Amphetamine releases dopamine 10X more than sex thats why
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drugs are so addictive
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people with this PTSD experience
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vividly the environment where they were traumatized…and when they encounter a stimuli similar to these environment they have an attack
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Anxiety Patients amygdala rxn
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Reactivity of the Amygdala is Exaggerated
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Following exposure+intoxication, dependence
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Tolerance and withdrawal
Increased dose and duration greater than intented Great deal of time spent in seeking or recovering |
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All drugs that lead to addiction and affect nucleus succumbes and VTA leading to the high feeling involved
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Dopamine
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Depression key feats in mood/thought
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Worthlessness, indicisiveness
Thoughts of death, suicidal ideation |
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Depression key feats, somatic/vegetative
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appetite/weight changes
sleep disturbance changes in psychomotor activity fatigue |
