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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 3 main symptoms of ADHD?
1. Inattention that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level

2. Hyperactivty

3. Impulsivity
What is the ADHD prevalence amoung 8-15 yos?
8.7%
Is ADHD caused by one factor?
No most likely caused by a complex interplay of factors
What are the 4 main factors that contribute to ADHD?
1. Biologic Factors / Genetc

2. Environment

3. CNS insults

4. Neuroanatomy
What are 3 biologic factors that predispose an individual to ADHD?
Post traumatic or infectious encephalopathy, lead poising, fetal alcohol syndrome
What environmental factors contribute to ADHD?
Abuse, neglect, family adversity, situational stress
Emerging literature shows that abnormalities involved in what may be involved in ADHD?
Frontal Networks or frontal-striatal dysfunction
What is the heritability of ADHD?
0.75
Case control or family based studies have shown a statistically significant correlation between ADHD and variants of how many genes?
7
What are 2 proteins thought to play a role in ADHD?
1. DAT - dopamine transporter

2. DRD4 - Dopamine receptor
Having both DAT and DRD4 genotype plus what environmental factor increased likelihood of ADHD but 9x!?
Smoking
What are the 2 systems of attention?
1. Posterior System

2. Anterior System
Which system orientas and engages novel stimuli and is localized to superior parietal cortex, the superior colliculus, and the pulvinar?
Posterior System
What system is in the PFC and the anterior cingulate that subserve the executive system?
Anterior
The anterior system uses what NT?
Dopamine
The posterior system uses what NT?
Norepinephrine
ADHD is associated with impairment of what functions?
executive functions
In what 4 regions is reduced regional volume seen in ADHD?
1. Orbital-Prefrontal cortex (primarily right side)

2. Basal Ganglia

3. Cerebellum

4. Anterior Cingulate
In ADHD, when problem solving, which part of the brain is not used and thus makes the ADHD brain not as efficient?
Anterior Cingulate
Why do stimulants work to treat ADHD?
Because they stimulate INHIBITORY centers (underperforming) centers of the brain in ADHD
ADHD patients show a relative decrease in what transporter in which region of the brain?
Dopamine Transporter (DAT) in the nucleus accumbens
Dysregulation of which 2 NT's is thought to be important in ADHD?
1. Dopamine

2. Norepinephrine
People operate maximally at what level of dopamine?
Moderate amounts

Either too little or too much catecholamine release impair pre-frontal cortex
What are the 4 effects of AMPH?
1. Causes DA release into synapse

2. Causes DA release into cytoplasm from vesicle

3. Block uptake into vesicles

4. Blocks reuptake from synapse
What was the first drug for ADHD and binds to DAT and inhibits dopamine reuptake presynaptically?
Methylphenidate
Adderall is what type of drug?
Amphetamine
In the presence of amphetamine, what happens to DAT?
Direction of dopamine transport reverses
What other 2 NT's respond to amphetamine?
1. Serotonin

2. Norepinephrine
What is one of the main health risks of stimulants?
Cardiovascular - but mainly disproven