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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 main symptoms of ADHD?
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1. Inattention that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level
2. Hyperactivty 3. Impulsivity |
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What is the ADHD prevalence amoung 8-15 yos?
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8.7%
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Is ADHD caused by one factor?
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No most likely caused by a complex interplay of factors
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What are the 4 main factors that contribute to ADHD?
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1. Biologic Factors / Genetc
2. Environment 3. CNS insults 4. Neuroanatomy |
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What are 3 biologic factors that predispose an individual to ADHD?
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Post traumatic or infectious encephalopathy, lead poising, fetal alcohol syndrome
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What environmental factors contribute to ADHD?
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Abuse, neglect, family adversity, situational stress
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Emerging literature shows that abnormalities involved in what may be involved in ADHD?
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Frontal Networks or frontal-striatal dysfunction
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What is the heritability of ADHD?
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0.75
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Case control or family based studies have shown a statistically significant correlation between ADHD and variants of how many genes?
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7
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What are 2 proteins thought to play a role in ADHD?
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1. DAT - dopamine transporter
2. DRD4 - Dopamine receptor |
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Having both DAT and DRD4 genotype plus what environmental factor increased likelihood of ADHD but 9x!?
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Smoking
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What are the 2 systems of attention?
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1. Posterior System
2. Anterior System |
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Which system orientas and engages novel stimuli and is localized to superior parietal cortex, the superior colliculus, and the pulvinar?
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Posterior System
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What system is in the PFC and the anterior cingulate that subserve the executive system?
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Anterior
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The anterior system uses what NT?
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Dopamine
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The posterior system uses what NT?
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Norepinephrine
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ADHD is associated with impairment of what functions?
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executive functions
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In what 4 regions is reduced regional volume seen in ADHD?
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1. Orbital-Prefrontal cortex (primarily right side)
2. Basal Ganglia 3. Cerebellum 4. Anterior Cingulate |
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In ADHD, when problem solving, which part of the brain is not used and thus makes the ADHD brain not as efficient?
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Anterior Cingulate
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Why do stimulants work to treat ADHD?
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Because they stimulate INHIBITORY centers (underperforming) centers of the brain in ADHD
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ADHD patients show a relative decrease in what transporter in which region of the brain?
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Dopamine Transporter (DAT) in the nucleus accumbens
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Dysregulation of which 2 NT's is thought to be important in ADHD?
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1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine |
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People operate maximally at what level of dopamine?
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Moderate amounts
Either too little or too much catecholamine release impair pre-frontal cortex |
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What are the 4 effects of AMPH?
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1. Causes DA release into synapse
2. Causes DA release into cytoplasm from vesicle 3. Block uptake into vesicles 4. Blocks reuptake from synapse |
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What was the first drug for ADHD and binds to DAT and inhibits dopamine reuptake presynaptically?
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Methylphenidate
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Adderall is what type of drug?
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Amphetamine
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In the presence of amphetamine, what happens to DAT?
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Direction of dopamine transport reverses
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What other 2 NT's respond to amphetamine?
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1. Serotonin
2. Norepinephrine |
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What is one of the main health risks of stimulants?
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Cardiovascular - but mainly disproven
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