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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 main scales used to measure TBI?
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1. Glascow Coma Scale
2. Glascow Outcome Scale |
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Why is the Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) so useful?
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Because it is highly reproduceable and enables grading of the injury and tracking over time
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What is the scale of the GCS?
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3-15
Severe: <8 Moderate: 9-12 Minor: 13-15 |
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What are the 3 components of the GCS?
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1. Eyes
2. Best Motor Response 3. Best verbal Response |
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Of the 3 components of the GCS, which is the most important?
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Motor Response
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A decorticate response means the injury localizes to what level?
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At the level of the thalamus
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The glascow outcome scale has what scale?
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1-5
1 = good recovery 5 = death |
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What are the 4 different categories of CT grading of diffuse injury?
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I: no swelling
II: minimal swelling III: cisterns absent IV: swelling + shift |
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Apart from diffuse injury, what 2 other items can be seen on a CT of TBI?
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Evacuated mass lesion
Non-evacuated mass lesion |
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What causes focal injury?
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Contact loading
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What is contact loading and what type of injury does it cause?
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Direct impact (ie getting hit by a hammer)
Causes contusion (and can also cause inertial loading) |
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What causes diffuse injury?
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Inertial loading - shaken skull (ex: automobile accident)
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What does inertial loading cause?
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Diffuse axonal Injury (DAI)
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Why is inertial injury more severe?
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Because it is more diffuse and widespread injury
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What type of imaging is the most effective at diagnosing DAI?
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T2 (CT not that good)
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What is seen on a T2 as a result of DAI?
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Punctate hemorrages
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What 3 molecular/morphologic events occur after TBI?
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1. Necrosis / Apoptosis
2. Inflammation 3. Atrophy |
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Does injury stop after a TBI?
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No, get continuous atrophy/degeneration
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What hippocampal neurons are most sensitive to ischemic injury?
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CA1
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What 4 items are seen in recovery after TBI?
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1. Plasticity (more when younger)
2. Neurogenesis 3. Physiological recovery 4. Behavioral response |
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What type of herniation would damage the MT lobe?
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Uncal
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When the MT lobe is damaged, what is seen in recovery?
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Septal Fibers proliferated when Entorhinal Cortex (EC) fibers where destroyed
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Are new neurons actually formed in recovery or is it just sprouting?
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New neurons ARE actually formed in the hippocampus
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What are 2 items that inhibit neuronal growth?
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1. Stress
2. Cortisol |
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What promotes neuronal growth?
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Exercise
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