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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 mechanisms by which organisms access the CNS?
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1. Hematogenous spread (most common)
2. Local extension (paranasal sinuses, middle ear) 3. Retrograde transport from PNS 4. Direct Implantation (trauma) |
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What is pachymenigitis?
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Spread of infection into layers of dura mater
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What is Meningitis/leptomeningitis?
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Inflammation of the pia and arachnoid
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What is encephalitis?
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Inflammation of the brain parenchyma (viral)
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What is cerbritis?
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Inflammation of the brain parenchyma (bacterial)
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What is myelitis?
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Infection of the SC
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What is poliomyelitis?
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Inflammation of the Spinal Grey matter
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What is ganglionitis?
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Inflammation of the DRG
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What is radiculitis?
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Inflammation of the intradural spinal nerve roots
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What are the 4 CNS viral infection patterns?
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1. Aseptic meningitis - inflammation restricted to meninges
2. Polioencephalitis/myelitis - restricted to grey matter 3. Panencephalitis/myelitis - disease of both grey and white matter 4. Leukoencephalitis - restricted to white matter |
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Neutrophils are usually seen in what type of CNS infection?
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Acute (bacterial) meningitis, cerebritis, abscess
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Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes) are usually seen in what type of CNS infection?
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Chronic meningitis, encephalitis
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Granulomatous inflammation is seen with what pathogens?
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Micobacteria, sporochetes, fungi, parasites
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Microglial nodules are seen with what infection?
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Viral encephalitis
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Acute meningitis is caused by what?
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Bacteria
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Chronic meningitis is caused by what 3 pathogens?
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1. Fungal
2. Tuberculous 3. Spirochetes |
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What are 2 major complications of acute bacterial meningitis?
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1. Cortical Necrosis
2. Hydrocephalus |
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What is the most common fungal CNS infection?
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Cyrptococcus neoformans
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Cyrotococuss is usually seen in what type of patients?
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Immunocompromised
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Apart from cyptococcus, what other 5 fungal infections are a major CNS infection?
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1. Aspergillosis
2.. Zygomycosis 3. Blastomycosis 4. Coccidiomycosis 5. Candidiasis |
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What is the most important mycobacterial infection of the CNS?
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Tuberculous menigitis
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What type of granulomas are seen in tuberculous meningitis?
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necrotizing granulomas
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What infection, if left untreated, can eventually cause menigitis?
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Neurosyphilis
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What pathogen, contracted from the ixodes tick, can cause menigitis?
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Lyme disease (neuroborreliosis)
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What are the 4 types of focal CNS infections?
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1. Brain Abscess
2. Cysticerocosis 3. Subdural empyema 4. Epidural abscess |
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What is the second most common CNS infection after bacterial meningitis?
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Brain abscess
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What is a brain abscess?
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Focal, destructive lesion
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What are the 2 most common organisms that cause a brain abscess?
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1. Staph aureus
2. Streptococci |
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What does a brain abscess look like on gross pathology?
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1. discrete, round lesions with central liquefactive necrosis
2. Surrounding fibrotic capsule 3. Mass effect |
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What is an opportunistic infection seen with HIV that forms brain abscesses?
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Toxoplasmosis
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What causes cerbral abscess in white/grey matter and is seen in latin america and tropical/subtropical climates?
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Entamoeba histolitica
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What is the most common of all worm infections to cause CNS disease?
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Infection with cysticerci -larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium
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What does infection of cysticerosis appear like in gross pathology?
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Small cysts scattered throughout the brain
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What are the 5 most important viruses that cause acute viral encephalitis?
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1. Arboviruses
2. Herpes 3. rabies 4. CMV 5. Polio |
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What type of inflammatory infiltrate is seen in encephalitis?
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Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate (lymphocytes)
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What type of nodules are seen in encephalitis?
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Microglial nodules (composed of activated microglial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes)
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Apart from microglial nodules and perivascular infiltrate, what other important hematological item is seen in encephalitis?
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Intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions
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What family of viruses are the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis?
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arboviruses
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What is the most common cause of acute necrotising encephalitis in imminocompetent patients?
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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
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Apart from HSV-1, what are the other important Herpses viruses that can cause encephalitis?
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CMV, VZV
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What type of nodules are seen in encephalitis?
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Microglial nodules (composed of activated microglial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes)
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Apart from microglial nodules and perivascular infiltrate, what other important hematological item is seen in encephalitis?
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Intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions
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What family of viruses are the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis?
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arboviruses
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What is the most common cause of acute necrotising encephalitis in imminocompetent patients?
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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
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Apart from HSV-1, what are the other important Herpses viruses that can cause encephalitis?
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CMV, VZV
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What pathogen causes CNS infection and has negri bodies (tear drops) on histology?
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rabies
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What causes lesions in the SC grey matter?
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Poliomyelitis
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What important items are seen on histology with poliomyeltis?
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Microglial nodules and neuronophagia
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What organism that dwells in soil and fresh water can cause encephalitis after entering via the nasal mucosa?
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Amebic encephalitis: naegleria fowleri
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What causes cerebral malaria?
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Plasmodium falciparum
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What type of encephalitis is seen with multinucleated giant cells?
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HIV encephalitis
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