• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/51

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 4 mechanisms by which organisms access the CNS?
1. Hematogenous spread (most common)

2. Local extension (paranasal sinuses, middle ear)

3. Retrograde transport from PNS

4. Direct Implantation (trauma)
What is pachymenigitis?
Spread of infection into layers of dura mater
What is Meningitis/leptomeningitis?
Inflammation of the pia and arachnoid
What is encephalitis?
Inflammation of the brain parenchyma (viral)
What is cerbritis?
Inflammation of the brain parenchyma (bacterial)
What is myelitis?
Infection of the SC
What is poliomyelitis?
Inflammation of the Spinal Grey matter
What is ganglionitis?
Inflammation of the DRG
What is radiculitis?
Inflammation of the intradural spinal nerve roots
What are the 4 CNS viral infection patterns?
1. Aseptic meningitis - inflammation restricted to meninges

2. Polioencephalitis/myelitis - restricted to grey matter

3. Panencephalitis/myelitis - disease of both grey and white matter

4. Leukoencephalitis - restricted to white matter
Neutrophils are usually seen in what type of CNS infection?
Acute (bacterial) meningitis, cerebritis, abscess
Mononuclear cells (lymphocytes) are usually seen in what type of CNS infection?
Chronic meningitis, encephalitis
Granulomatous inflammation is seen with what pathogens?
Micobacteria, sporochetes, fungi, parasites
Microglial nodules are seen with what infection?
Viral encephalitis
Acute meningitis is caused by what?
Bacteria
Chronic meningitis is caused by what 3 pathogens?
1. Fungal

2. Tuberculous

3. Spirochetes
What are 2 major complications of acute bacterial meningitis?
1. Cortical Necrosis

2. Hydrocephalus
What is the most common fungal CNS infection?
Cyrptococcus neoformans
Cyrotococuss is usually seen in what type of patients?
Immunocompromised
Apart from cyptococcus, what other 5 fungal infections are a major CNS infection?
1. Aspergillosis

2.. Zygomycosis

3. Blastomycosis

4. Coccidiomycosis

5. Candidiasis
What is the most important mycobacterial infection of the CNS?
Tuberculous menigitis
What type of granulomas are seen in tuberculous meningitis?
necrotizing granulomas
What infection, if left untreated, can eventually cause menigitis?
Neurosyphilis
What pathogen, contracted from the ixodes tick, can cause menigitis?
Lyme disease (neuroborreliosis)
What are the 4 types of focal CNS infections?
1. Brain Abscess

2. Cysticerocosis

3. Subdural empyema

4. Epidural abscess
What is the second most common CNS infection after bacterial meningitis?
Brain abscess
What is a brain abscess?
Focal, destructive lesion
What are the 2 most common organisms that cause a brain abscess?
1. Staph aureus

2. Streptococci
What does a brain abscess look like on gross pathology?
1. discrete, round lesions with central liquefactive necrosis

2. Surrounding fibrotic capsule

3. Mass effect
What is an opportunistic infection seen with HIV that forms brain abscesses?
Toxoplasmosis
What causes cerbral abscess in white/grey matter and is seen in latin america and tropical/subtropical climates?
Entamoeba histolitica
What is the most common of all worm infections to cause CNS disease?
Infection with cysticerci -larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium
What does infection of cysticerosis appear like in gross pathology?
Small cysts scattered throughout the brain
What are the 5 most important viruses that cause acute viral encephalitis?
1. Arboviruses

2. Herpes

3. rabies

4. CMV

5. Polio
What type of inflammatory infiltrate is seen in encephalitis?
Perivascular inflammatory infiltrate (lymphocytes)
What type of nodules are seen in encephalitis?
Microglial nodules (composed of activated microglial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes)
Apart from microglial nodules and perivascular infiltrate, what other important hematological item is seen in encephalitis?
Intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions
What family of viruses are the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis?
arboviruses
What is the most common cause of acute necrotising encephalitis in imminocompetent patients?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
Apart from HSV-1, what are the other important Herpses viruses that can cause encephalitis?
CMV, VZV
What type of nodules are seen in encephalitis?
Microglial nodules (composed of activated microglial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes)
Apart from microglial nodules and perivascular infiltrate, what other important hematological item is seen in encephalitis?
Intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions
What family of viruses are the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis?
arboviruses
What is the most common cause of acute necrotising encephalitis in imminocompetent patients?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1)
Apart from HSV-1, what are the other important Herpses viruses that can cause encephalitis?
CMV, VZV
What pathogen causes CNS infection and has negri bodies (tear drops) on histology?
rabies
What causes lesions in the SC grey matter?
Poliomyelitis
What important items are seen on histology with poliomyeltis?
Microglial nodules and neuronophagia
What organism that dwells in soil and fresh water can cause encephalitis after entering via the nasal mucosa?
Amebic encephalitis: naegleria fowleri
What causes cerebral malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
What type of encephalitis is seen with multinucleated giant cells?
HIV encephalitis