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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Important cannabis compounds
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THC - active ingredient, cannabanoid receptor agonist
CBD and THCV - CB1 antagonists |
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THC metabolites
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OH-THC - still active
THC-COOH - inactivated |
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Cannabis neuro-side effects
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Dysmetria and discoordination
lack of motivation poor memory altered perception and consciousness |
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FDA-approved uses for cannabis
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antiemetic for chemotherapeutic patients
Cachexia in AIDS patients |
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Marijuana LD50
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>1200 mg/kg
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Canabinoid withdrawal
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Irritability, anger or aggression
Nervousness or anxiety Sleep difficulty decreased appetit restlessness depressed mood |
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Canabinoid lipophilicity
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Canabinoids are lipophilic. In chronic users, could be released back into circulation over a month later
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Canabinoid detection
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Urine test - IDs recent use
Plasma test - IDs distinct metabolites, correlates to time and amount used |
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Canabinoid Laws
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16 states have legalized medicinal use with prescription
Federal Law still rules it as illegal |
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Synthetic Canabinoid Agonists
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Dronabinol
Nabilone |
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Cannabinoid Receptors
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GCPRs
CB1 - Brain, tissues CB2 - Immune cells |
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Endogenous cannabinoids
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structurally related to prostaglandins
Annandamide 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) |
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CB1 receptor distribution in brain
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Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum Hippocampus Nucleus Accumbens Prefrontal cortex Amygdala |
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THC and dopamine
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THC elicits dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
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Rimonabant
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synthetic cannabinoid antagonist
engineered for weight loss, but discontinued to depressive side effects |
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THC cessation
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no current effective medications
potential for buspirone |
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Potential neurobiology of obesity
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Hyperactive endocannabinoid system
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Unit of Alcohol
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1 serving-size of alcohol
14 grams will raise BAL by about 3% |
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Alcohol metabolism
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CYP2E1
Alcohol dehydrogenase: EtOH -> acetaldehyde acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 0-order kinetics |
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Most prevalent addictions
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1. nicotine
2. alcohol 3. marijuana 4. stimulants 5. opioids |
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Mechanisms for genetic inheritance of substance abuse
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Increase euphoria
Decrease aversion |
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Nicotine half-life
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1.5 hours
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Nicotinic Receptors
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heterogeneous pentomeric ligand-gated ion channels
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Nicotine effects on Nucleus Accumbens
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Suppreses tonic release of dopamine. Increases burst firing of dopamine. Makes everything feel better
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Genes tied to nicotine dependence
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CHRNA3 and CHRNA5
nicotinic receptor subunits A substitution for G Less functional subunit -> less adverse effects of nicotine |
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Genetic risk for lung cancer
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follows risk of nicotine dependence genes. Nicotine reduces efficacy of chemotherapy
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Genetic Risk for alcoholism
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GABA A alpha2 haplotype
Increased pleasure from drinking |
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Stimuli for alcohol cravings
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alcohol itself
cue-induced stress-induced |
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Naltrexone genetics
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most effect for those with asparagine->aspartic acid substitution
Blocks opioid-mediated euphoria |
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118G variant
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increased risk for alcoholism
lesser morphine response |
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Top drugs during pregnancy
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Cigarettes
Marijuana Alcohol Cocaine Combinations common |
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Risk factors for drug use during pregnancy
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Young age
unmarried less than HS education substance abuse by significant other Family violence |
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Drugs causing spontaneous abortion
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Nicotine and Cocaine
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Drugs causing Premature Delivery
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Nicotine and Cocaine
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Drugs causing fetal demise
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Alcohol and cocaine
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Common neonatal effects of drug use
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growth retardation, jittery, and in withdrawal
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Marijuana and Nicotine neonatal withdrawal
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Increased startle and irritable, less responsive and poor habituation to light
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Cocaine neonatal withdrawal
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Increased tone, drowsiness
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Polysubstance neonatal withdrawal
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Increased tone, disturbed sleep, fever, loose stool
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Drugs triggering developmental apoptosis of neurons
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NMDA blockers and GABA agonists
alcohol, PCP, ketamine, benzodiazepines |
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NMDA receptors and brain development
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induces dendritic branching
strengthens synapses |
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Prenatal cocaine effects
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dysfunction in D1 receptor - attention problems
dysfunction in 5-HT system - poor response inhibition |
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Prenatal nicotine effects
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Abnormal neuronal cell proliferation and differentiation
Disrupts Ach and NE/Dopamine systems -> ADHD and conduct disorder |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Growth retardation
CNS dysfunction Craniofacial abnormalities 1-3/1000 live births |
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Prenatal marijuana effects
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similar to nicotine
ADHD, conflict disorder |
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Adolescent brain-behavior link
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1. reduction in reward sensitivity
2. incomplete development of self-regulatory and executive functions |
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NMDA receptor subunits
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NR2 B: more prevalent in adolescents, more plastic
NR2 A: more prevalent in older people, more stable |
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Alcohol effects on Dendrites
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creation of large spines that aren't very plastic
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Adolescent experience of alcohol
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Less sensitive to sedative and motor-impairing effects of alcohol - able to drink more before passing out
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Marijuana's effects on adolescent users
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lower verbal IQ
impaired working memory smaller brain volumes increased health problems |
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Marijuana and fear conditioning
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CB1 agonists enhance fear response
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Cocaine addiction cycle
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Use -> brain reward -> euphoria -> neuroadaptation -> craving -> use
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Drug reports in ER
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Most common
Cocaine Marijuana heroine amphetamine Least common |
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Toxic effects of cocaine
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vasospasms
heart attack, stroke seizures arrhythmias hypertension |
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Methamphetamine toxicity
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neurotoxic
long half-life |
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Cocaethylene
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created with simultaneous drug and alcohol use
psychoactive cardiotoxic |
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Speedball
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IV cocaine and heroin
enhances both drugs |
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Cocaine euphoria
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increased dopamine activity
increased glutamate activity blocks dopamine transporter |
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Cocaine-induced craving
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caused by glutamate depletion
creates a binge-pattern of use glutamate-enhancing drugs may dampen cravings (N-acetylcysteine) |
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Brain regions on cocaine cravings
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Amygdala
Anterior Cingulate |
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Stress-induced cocaine cravings
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mediated by CRF and norepinephrine
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Cocaine and glutamate
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acutely increases glutamate/dopamine during a high
chronically inhibits glutamate/dopamine activity |
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Cocaine and hypofrontality
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Loss of frontal lobe grey matter
poor decision-making denial |
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Cocaine addiction treatment
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Interventions
AA/NA groups Therapy Voucher treatment |
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Hallucinogen experience predictors
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1. drug
2. mindset 3. setting |
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Epidemiology of hallucinogens
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8.8% of population has used
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Hallucinogen mechanism of action
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probably through the 5-HT2 receptor
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LSD metabolism
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35 ug produces effect
last 4-12+ hours |
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LSD effects
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euphoria
hallucinations synesthesias ego fragmentation no chronic damage may unmask psychosis |
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Non-LSD hallucinogens
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Mescaline (peyote)
psilocybin mushrooms - cause nausea |
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Phencyclidine (PCP)
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dissociative anesthetic
OD can be lethal Rhabdomyolysis primarily white males age 26-34 NMDA antagonist lasts 24-48+ hours |
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MDMA (ecstasy)
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Dopaminergic and serotinergic
like meth + antidepressant increased BP, HR, dry mouth, bruxism |
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Anticholinergics
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Create delirium
Dry as a bone, hot as a hare, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter |
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Inhalants
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Similar to alcohol effects, acts through GABA A receptor
CNS damage - demyelination, cerebellar atrophy |
