Bb Neuroanatomy Lab 7

Front 1

Purpose of having folded pattern of cortex?

Back 1

allows for an increase in the SA of the cortical gray matter without a corresponding increase in size of the cranial vault

Front 2

Compare
Gyrus
Sulcus
Fissure

Back 2

Gyrus - elevation on surface of hemisphere
Sulcus - depression or groove between gyri
Fissure - a large and constant sulcus may be called a fissure, but the 2 terms are sometimes used interchangeably

Front 3

In which fissure can you visualize the insula?

Back 3

opening lateral fissure

Front 4

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe?

Back 4

On lateral surface:
posterior boundary: central sulcus
Inferior boundary: lateral sulcus

On medial surface:
posterior: arbitrary line from central sulcus to CC
inferior: CC/cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe)

Front 5

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe?

Back 5

on lateral surface:
anterior: central sulcus
interior: lat sulcus and an arbitrary line directed posteriorly from the lateral sulcus
Posterior: upper half of an arbitrary line connecting parieto-occiptal sulcus with the pre-occipital notch

Medial surface:
Anterior: frontal lobe
Posteror/inferior: parieto-occipitosulcus and cingulate gyrus

Front 6

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe?

Back 6

on lateral surface:
superior: lateral sulcus and it posterior projection
posterior: lower portion of arbitrary line connecting the parieto-occital sulcus and the pre-occipital notch

on medial surface:
imaginary line joining the parieto-occipital sulcus and the pre-occipital notch

Front 7

What are the boundaries of the occiptal lobe?

Back 7

lateral surface: line joining the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occiptal notch

medial: posterior borders of the parietal and temporal lobes

Front 8

4 functional groups of the cortex?

Back 8

Motor areas
Sensory areas
Language areas
Frontal association areas

Front 9

General role of association areas of the cortex

Back 9

produce a meaningful perceptual experience of the world, enable us to interact effectively, and support abstract thinking and language.

Front 10

Components of the primary motor cortex

Back 10

Precentral gyrus
Bordered by: Precentral sulcus + Central sulcus

Front 11

Consequence of lesion to primary motor area

Back 11

UMN signs

Front 12

Location of the premotor or motor association areas

Back 12

includes:
anterior part of precentral gyrus
parts of sup, middle and inf frontal gyri

Front 13

Consequences of a lesion to the premotor or motor association area

Back 13

Apraxia = deficits in learned, skilled motor activity, in absence of paralysis.

Front 14

Location of primary somatosensory area

Back 14

postcentral gyrus

Front 15

Consequence of lesion to primary somatosensory area

Back 15

- decreased awareness of sensory info
- reduced proprioception, touch and pain sensation

Front 16

Location of the somatosensory association area

Back 16

superior parietal lobules, extending onto medial surface

Front 17

Consequence of lesion to somatosensory association area

Back 17

Tactile agnosia = Impaired ability to recognize or identify objects by touch alone.

Front 18

Location of the primary auditory area

Back 18

superior surface of superior temporal gyrus - Heschl's gyri (aka transverse temporal gyri)

Front 19

Consequences of a lesions to primary auditory area

Back 19

- subtle impairment in hearing
- cannot localize sounds
- usually okay because bilateral input

Front 20

Location of auditory association area

Back 20

superficial temporal gyrus and area posterior to primary auditory area in lateral sulcus

Front 21

Consequences of a lesions to auditory association area

Back 21

Deficit in sound interpretation (even though can hear normally)

Front 22

Location of primary visual area

Back 22

in walls of posterior part of calcarine sulcus, extending onto lateral surface

Front 23

Consequences of lesion to primary visual area

Back 23

blindness in opposite visual field

Front 24

Location of visual association area

Back 24

surround primary visual are on medial and lateral surfaces

Front 25

Consequences of lesion to visual association area

Back 25

- Visual agnosia = unable to recognize object in opposite visual field, despite intact vision
- also, deficit in pursuit or tracking in IPSILATERAL eye

Front 26

Location of the primary taste area

Back 26

- on insula and adjacent medial surface of parietal-frontal operculum at base of centra sulcus (operculum = lid or cover, overlying cortical area)
- can be visualized deep in lateral fissure btw temporal and frontal lobes

Front 27

Location of secondary taste area

Back 27

orbital cortex of frontal lobe and amygdala

Front 28

Function of secondary taste area

Back 28

taste information is integrated with olfactory information

Front 29

Functions of frontal association areas

Back 29

aka prefrontal cortex
- concerned with complex aspects of behaviour (ie affect, personality, attention)
- extensive connection with dorsomedial (DM) nucleus of thalamus

Front 30

Consequences of lesion to frontal association cortex

Back 30

- change in emotion, motivation, personality, initiative, judgement, conentration, social behaviour, carelessness of appearance/dress

Front 31

Location of motor speech area of broca

Back 31

part of inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere (usually left)

* upside down U shape near intersection of premotor area and lateral sulcus

Front 32

Function of broca's area

Back 32

expression of speech

Front 33

Consequences of lesion to broca's area

Back 33

Nonfluent aphasia:
- cannot get words out properly even though normal comprehension
- aware of problem

Front 34

Location of sensory speech are of Wernicke

Back 34

- posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, with extensions around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus into the parietal region (DOMINANT hemisphere - usually in left)

* armpit of lateral fissure

Front 35

Function of wernicke's area

Back 35

reception of speech (comprehension)

Front 36

Consequences of lesion to wernicke's area

Back 36

Fluent aphasia
speech fluent but nonsensical
- usually unaware of the problem

Front 37

Consequence of lesion to language are of NON dominant hemisphere

Back 37

Aprosodia
= deficit in intonative, rhythm

Front 38

Types of association fibers

Back 38

Short: connect cortical areas in adjacent gyri
Long: pass bw cortical areas that are further removed from each other

Front 39

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

Back 39

aka arcuate fasciculus (because arches over lateral fissure)
- located above the insula
- connects: frontal <-> parietal <-> temporal lobes
- connects wernickes and broca's areas

Front 40

Consequence of lesion to arcuate fasciculus to speech

Back 40

Conduction aphasia
Speech fluent but paraphasia word substitutions
errors (ex treen instead of train)

* due to sensory from broca not being properly passed to broca

Front 41

Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

Back 41

- runs below insula
- connects: frontal <-> temporal <-> occipital lobes

Front 42

Unicate fasciculus

Back 42

- part of inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
- connect frontal and temporal lobe

Front 43

Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

Back 43

- fibers fun adjacent and perpendicular to corpus collosum along most of its course
- connect: occipital and frontal lobes

Front 44

Cingulum

Back 44

- runs beneath cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
- connects areas of limbic cortex with each other`

Front 45

Commisural fibers

Back 45

- connect R and L hemispheres
- largest one: corpus collosum

Front 46

Connections made with body of CC

Back 46

parietal lobes
posterior part of 2 frontal lobes

Front 47

Connections made with splenium of CC

Back 47

connects occipital lobes
posterior temporal lobes

Front 48

Connections made with genu of CC

Back 48

fibers originating in or proceeding to frontal areas

Front 49

Connections made with rostrum of CC

Back 49

thin shelf of fibers projecting backwards in genu

Front 50

Connection made within radiations of CC

Back 50

fibers fan out as they project to all parts of cortex
forceps minor : at anterior end
foreceps major : at posterior end

Front 51

Anterior commissure

Back 51

connects:
two anterior temporal lobes and
olfactory bulbs

Front 52

Posteior commissure

Back 52

connects the two pretectal nuclei

Front 53

Projection fibers

Back 53

thalamus <-> cortex
descending fibers to: striatum, brainstem and spinal cord

Front 54

Internal capsule

Back 54

compact bundle formed from gathering of projection fibers

Front 55

Limbs of internal capule

Back 55

anterior limb: cuts bw head of caudate and lenticular nucleus

posterior limb: cuts bw thalamus and lenticular nucleus

Genu = where two limbs meet

Front 56

What is the lenticulate nucleus?

Back 56

= putamen + globus pallacius

Front 57

Location of basal nuclei and thalamus in relation to internal capsule

Back 57

- caudate nucl. and thalamus always medial

- palladium and putamen always lateral

Front 58

What type of information is processed by the thalamus?

Back 58

- all sensory information (except olfaction)
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum

Front 59

Major sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus + functions

Back 59

- Ventral posterior (VPL, VPM) = somatosensory
- Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) = hearing
- Lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN) - vision

Front 60

Major motor nuclei of the thalamus and their functions

Back 60

- ventral lateral (VL)
- Ventral anterior (VA)

* connect with basal ganglia and cerebellum

Front 61

Thalamic Limbic nuclei ?

Back 61

Limbic nuclei in anterior thalamus connects with cingulate gyrus

Front 62

MCA supplies..

Back 62

most of lateral surface of the brain

Front 63

ACA supplies..

Back 63

medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes

* overlap onto lateral surface and supply thin border of the cortex

Front 64

PCA supplies...

Back 64

medial surface of temporal and occipital lobes

* overlap onto lateral surface and supply thin border of the cortex

Front 65

Which vessels in brain are particularly susceptible to high BP?

Back 65

- inferior choroidal aa.
- deep penetrating arteries of the MCA

Front 66

What provides most blood supply to uncus?

Back 66

Anterior choroidal arteries ( typically off int. carotid but sometimes arise from MCA)

Front 67

What supplies internal capsule and basal ganglia?

Back 67

Lenticulostriate arteries ( medial off ACA or lateral off MCA)