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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the amygdala? |
process social signs of emotion
emotional conditioning
consolidation of emotional memory |
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What is the HPA axis? |
step 2-4 of stress response
2) amygdala activates PVN of the hypothalamus 3) PVN releases hormone to activate the anterior pituitary gland 4) anterior pituitary gland releases hormones to stimulate the adrenal glands |
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UCS, UCR, CS, CR for fear paradigm
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UCS - stimulus (shock+tone)
UCR - result (freezing) CS - stimulus (tone) CR - result (freezing) |
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studies conducted by Joseph LeDoux |
Where in the brain does fear conditioning occur?
fear elicited by CR, so follow the tone
we know the pathway for auditory processing, if we lesion the pathway can we interrupt fear conditioning? |
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high road of fear processing |
slower, more refined
more beneficial to over-respond than to under-respond
cortical information synapses onto the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
ventures through the cortex |
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low road of fear processing |
quicker, but less refined
cortical information synapses onto the lateral nucleus of the amygdala
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instrumental aggression |
offensive, goal-directed, proactive (reactionary)
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impulsive aggression |
defensive, in response to a perceived threat, reactionary (affective) |
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Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in impulsivity and aggression? |
testosterone |
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positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
hallucinations delusions disordered thinking |
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
social withdrawal mood disturbance flat affect and speech |
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cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia |
poor executive function and attention problems with working memory |
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Why are children born between January and April at higher risk of developing schizophrenia? |
viral infections in pregnant women during early to mid gestation |
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biological features of schizophrenia |
enlarged ventricles (loss of neurons in other areas; constricted frontal cortex)
hippocampal differences (smaller; less organized)
hypofrontality (associated with negative symptoms; less lateralization of function)
exaggerated loss of gray matter
dysregulated pruning |
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definition of bipolar disorder |
alternating cycles of depression and mania |
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How are sleep patterns disrupted in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder? |
increased and erratic REM |
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OCD obsessions |
upsetting, recurring, irrational and intrusive thoughts
cause anxiety response
don't respond to reasoning
manifests as an obsession with cleanliness, order and nagging doubts |
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OCD compulsions |
need to carry out repetitive behaviors
performed to lessen burden of obsession
handwashing, rechecking items, following rigid rules |
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Can childhood vaccines cause autism? |
no
(causes are exposure to industrial mercury and pollution) |
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biological features of autism |
initial acceleration of brain development followed by deceleration (more growth factors at birth, larger cerebellum, larger brain size)
typical pruning in development is impeded (areas proximal to one another over-connected; areas dismal to one another under-connected)
mirror neuron dysfunction (do not activate)
disrupted activation of emotional centers (no eye contact)
dysfunction in the reward pathway (failure to learn tasks; doesn't operate when shown pleased or displeased faces) |
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Attention deficit disorder symptoms |
inattentiveness impulsivity hyper-activity |
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How do tissues die in the core and penumbra regions following stroke? |
lack of oxygen excitotoxicity (excess glutamate is neurotoxic; calcium mediated) |
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post concussion syndrome |
lack of concentration cognitive deficits |
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long-term effects of traumatic brain injury |
slurred speech, memory impairments, personality changes, lack of coordination, emotional changes, parkison-like syndrome |
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malignant tumor |
can metastasize and travel to the brain; benign cannot |
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Jacksonian march seizure |
simple partial seizure that starts in one area and travels to other areas in a marching manner |
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Huntington's disease caused by |
a genetic mutation of chromosone 4 |
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What part of the brain is affected in ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)? |
degeneration of alpha motor neurons |
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What location in the brain is primarily affected by Parkison's Disease (PD)? |
death of the DA neurons in substantia nigra |
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What location of the brain is affected by multiple sclerosis (MS)? |
affects white matter in different locations |
