Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Conduction Deafness |
disorders of the outer or middle ear that prevent sounds from reaching the cochlea |
|
|
Sensorineural Deafness |
when hair cells fail to respond to movement of the basilar membrane (inner ear) |
|
|
Central Deafness |
damage to auditory brain areas (interruption of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve) |
|
|
What is the function of the vestibular system? |
gives information about our body's position and the movement of our heads |
|
|
How is the somatosensory cortex considered plastic? |
if you lose a finger, neighboring cortical tissue will take over the cortex that represented that finger |
|
|
What happens when amputees lose a limb? |
stroking their cheek will cause them to feel their lost appendage |
|
|
What is the relationship between receptive field size and cortical area devoted to a body region? |
regions with small dense receptive fields get a larger area of cortical representation |
|
|
Why can it hurt less to get your ears pierced than to get a splinter? |
Homunculi - hands and fingers have more sensory and motor connections to the brain than do ears |
|
|
Which are the fastest sensory receptors? |
Alpha Beta receptors - fat axons; quick transmission |
|
|
What are the slowest sensory receptors? |
C Fibers - slim axons; slow transmission |
|
|
Why do ice packs relieve pain? |
Because the response to cold fibers (Alpa Delta) are quicker than the response to dull aches (C Fibers) |
|
|
Why did we evolve the chemical senses? |
to warn of dangers
associated with emotion, memory and pleasure |
|
|
Why are we able to code for so many scents with a limited number of taste receptors? |
smells layer themselves, but don't go above 3 |
|
|
What is Phenylthiocarbomide and why can some people taste it and others can't? |
a compound that can have a bitter taste to some but be undetectable to others
some can taste it and others can't because some people have the dominant gene for the PTC receptor, so even if you have 1 taster allele and one non-taster allele you'll be a taster |
|
|
What is the physical stimulus for taste? |
molecule of food
must dissolve in saliva (saltwater) |
|
|
What neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction? |
ACH (acetylcholine) |
|
|
What is an alpha motor neuron? |
controls muscles, exiting the CNS at the cranial nerves (for head muscles), spinal nerves (for body muscles)
unequally distributed - more control of arms and legs
contact muscles at the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
What filaments interact to cause muscle contraction? |
myosin and actin |
|
|
fast twitch fibers |
larger and more muscles (endurance runners) |
|
|
slow twitch fibers |
small and fewer muscles (sedentary people) |
|
|
Which muscles spindles organs give feedback? |
provide stretch feedback
the sensory fiber senses stretch of muscle, activates motor neurons leading to extrafusal muscle contraction preventing the extreme stretch of muscles (dropping a coffee mug) |
|
|
What do golgi tendons organs do? |
provide contraction feedback
muscle contraction activates sensory fibers, seds feedback info to spinal interneurons, interneurons inhibit alpha motor neurons leading to relaxation of muscles preventing extreme contraction (throwing a coffee mug over the shoulder) |
|
|
What muscles make up an antagonistic pair? |
flexors (contracting muscles bend a joint)
extensors (contracting muscles straighten a joint) |
|
|
What are the general functions of the cerebellum? |
role in the sequencing of complex behaviors
coordination
lots of communication with the SMA
requires learning |
|
|
What are the general functions of the basal ganglia? |
role in movement
choice and initiation of voluntary movements
communicates with the motor cortex via the thalamus
output always inhibitory (holding up a finger) |
|
|
What area of the cortex sends motor commands to the spinal cord? |
Primary motor cortex |
|
|
How does the brain code for pitch in the inner ear? |
Within the cochlea long strands of cilia respond to low pitches and short strands respond to high pitches |
|
|
How does the brain code for pitch in the cortex? |
place coding - pitch of sound determined by the location of activated hair cells at the basilar membrane
temporal coding - pitch determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons |
|
|
How are touch receptors categorized?
|
size of receptive field
rate of adaptation quality of stimulus sensed |
