Bb Chapter 9 Wakefulness And Sleep

Front 1

Endogenous circannual rhythm

Back 1

internal calendar which prepares a species for annual seasonal changes

Front 2

Endogenous circadian rhythm

Back 2

internal rhythms which last about a day

Front 3

What is circadian rhythm in humans (time)?

Back 3

24.2 hours

Front 4

What are mechanisms of circadian rhythms?

Back 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus
genes that produce certain proteins
melatonin levels

Front 5

What is SCN suprachiasmaci nucleus

Back 5

nucleus located above optic chiasm in hypothalamus. controls rhythms for sleep and temp. nerves generate pulses that follow a circadian rhythm

Front 6

What are 2 genes SCN regulates?

Back 6

per and tim for Period and Timeless proteins

Front 7

What does protein Clock induce?

Back 7

sleepiness

Front 8

High Per and Tim = what?

Back 8

sleepiness

Front 9

Low Per and Tim = what?

Back 9

wakefulness

Front 10

What gland is regulated by SCN?

Back 10

pineal gland (located posterior to thalamus)

Front 11

What does pineal gland secrete?

Back 11

melatonin

Front 12

Does melatonin decrease or increase sleepiness?

Back 12

increases sleepiness. usually starts 2-3 hours before bedtime. stimulates SCN to reset biological clock

Front 13

Free running rhythm

Back 13

rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

Front 14

Zeitberge

Back 14

stimulus (light) necessary for resetting circadian rhythm

Front 15

Jet Lag

Back 15

disruption of biological rhythms due to crossing time zones

Front 16

Phase delay jet lag

Back 16

when we travel WEST stay awake late and awake late next day partly adjusted to new schedule

Front 17

Phase advance jet lag

Back 17

when we travel EAST we sleep and awake earlier than usual

Front 18

Can jet lag over and over cause memory loss?

Back 18

yes

Front 19

What resets SCN?

Back 19

retinohypothalamic path that goes directly from retina to SCN

Front 20

Retinohypothalamic retinal ganglion cells have what photopigment?

Back 20

melanopsin

Front 21

Coma

Back 21

extended period of unsciousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease with low brain activity that is steady. little response to stimuli

Front 22

vegetative state

Back 22

alternates btw sleep and moderate arousal but no awarenss of surroundings. no response to speech

Front 23

minimally conscious state

Back 23

one stage higher than vegetative state marked by ocasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

Front 24

Brain death

Back 24

no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

Front 25

EEG- electroencephalograph

Back 25

records electrical potentials in brain through electrodes

Front 26

Alpha waves

Back 26

frequency of 8-12 brain waves/ second, found in relaxed state of consciousness

Front 27

stage 1 sleep

Back 27

light sleep with irregular jagged low voltage waves

Front 28

stage 2 sleep

Back 28

sleep spindles and K- complexes

Front 29

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

Back 29

known as slow wave sleep (SWS), slow large amplitude waves

Front 30

paradoxical sleep

Back 30

found in cats where brain is active but muscles are relaxed

Front 31

REM sleep

Back 31

repeated eye mvmts. fast low voltage brain waves and breathing/HR similar to stage 1 sleep. Paradoxical sleep = REM sleep

Front 32

polysomnograph

Back 32

combination of EEG and eye mvmts recorded

Front 33

Non-REM Sleep NREM

Back 33

stages of sleep other than REM

Front 34

Order of sleep stages when we sleep

Back 34

1,2,3,4,3,2,1, REM
each lasts 60-90 min

Front 35

3-4 stages of sleep found in morning or night?

Back 35

early in night

Front 36

REM high or low in morning?

Back 36

REM high

Front 37

REM associated with

Back 37

dreams

Front 38

Can dreams happen in NREM sleep?

Back 38

yes

Front 39

Reticular formation

Back 39

structure that extends from medulla into forebrain. lesions cause decreased arousal

Front 40

pontomesencephalon

Back 40

part of midbrain that contributes to cortical arousal. stimulation of pontomesencephalon awakens a sleeping individual or increases alertness in someone already awake by releasing Ach, Glu

Front 41

Locus coeruleus

Back 41

structure in pons that releases Norep in response to meaningful events

Front 42

basal forebrain

Back 42

area anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus whose axons release ACH and GABA

Front 43

arousal is stimulated in hypothalamus by release of what

Back 43

histamine and orexin or hypocretin

Front 44

orexin

Back 44

stimulates ACH releasing cells in basal forebrain and brain stem

Front 45

Adenosine

Back 45

important inhibitor of basal forebrain arousal system

Front 46

Caffine inhibits or excites adenosine?

Back 46

inhibits adenosine thereby increasing arousal

Front 47

prostaglandins

Back 47

chemicals produced by immune system that promote sleep by stimulating a cluster of neurons that inhibit the hypothalamic cells that increase arousal

Front 48

Basal forebrain receives input from

Back 48

anterior and preoptic areas of hypothalamus (important areas for temp regulation)

Front 49

orexin

Back 49

peptide NT released in pathway from lateral nucleus of hypothalamus highly responsible for ability to stay awake

Front 50

What brain area triggers onset of REM sleep?

Back 50

pons

Front 51

pons geniculate occipital waves (PGO)

Back 51

distinctive pattern of high amplitude electrical potentials found in REM sleep

Front 52

what 2 NTs does REM depend on?

Back 52

serotonin and Ach

Front 53

What does ACH do for REm sleep?

Back 53

moves sleeper into REm sleep

Front 54

What does serotonin do for REM sleep?

Back 54

interrupts or shortens REm sleep

Front 55

What NT blocks REm sleep?

Back 55

Norepinephrine

Front 56

Insomnia

Back 56

sleep disorder found with inadequate sleep

Front 57

3 categories of insomnia

Back 57

onset insomnia
maintenance insomnia
termination insomnia

Front 58

Onset imsomnia

Back 58

trouble falling asleep

Front 59

maintenance insomnia

Back 59

waking up during middle of night

Front 60

termination insomnia

Back 60

waking up too early/ cant go back to sleep

Front 61

sleep apnea

Back 61

not getting enough oxygen, cant breathe properly during sleep. common in men. can cause SIDS

Front 62

narcolepsy

Back 62

randomly falling asleep during the day

Front 63

cataplexy

Back 63

attack of muscle weakness while awake

Front 64

sleep paralysis

Back 64

canot move muscles while asleep

Front 65

hypnagogic hallucination

Back 65

dream like experiences occuring at onset of sleep

Front 66

2 possibly causes of narcolepsy

Back 66

overactive ACh and deficiency in orexin

Front 67

Treatment drugs for narcolepsy

Back 67

pemoline and methylphenidate which enhances dopamine and norep activity

Front 68

periodic limb mvmt disorder

Back 68

repeated involuntary mvmts of legs and arms that cause insomnia. occurs during NREM sleep. treated w/ tranqs

Front 69

REM behavior diosrder

Back 69

ppl move during REm periods acting out their dreams

Front 70

Night terrors

Back 70

abrupt, anxious wakening from NREM sleep; more common in children than adults

Front 71

Sleep talking

Back 71

may occur during REM or NREM sleep. common and harmless

Front 72

sleepwalking

Back 72

occurs during stages 3 or 4 early night and is more common in children than adults

Front 73

Functions of sleep

Back 73

energy conservation
restoraton of brain and body
memory consolidation

Front 74

how low does temp go during sleep?

Back 74

1-2 degrees C in mammals

Front 75

Functions of REM sleep

Back 75

memory storage
getting oxygen to corneas

Front 76

Activation Synthesis Hypothesis (dreaming)

Back 76

during sleep brain regions are activated so brain creates a story to make sense of all this activity.

Front 77

Clinico-anatomical hypothesis (dreaming)

Back 77

either internal or external stimulation activates parts of parietal, occipital, and temporal cortex. no visual info overrides stimulation and no criticism of prefrontal cortex censors it, so it develops into hallucinatory perceptions