Bb Chapter 13 Learning And Memory

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

after repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus which at first elicits no response, the subject beings responding to the conditioned stimulus in a way similar to the unconditioned stimulus

Front 2

Ex of Classical Conditioning

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Food (UCS) -> Saliva (UCR)
Bell (CS) + Food (UCS) -> Salivation (UCR)
Bell (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

Front 3

Definitions for unconditioned stimulus

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thing that already elicits a response

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Unconditioned Response

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thing that already elicited by a stimulus

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Unconditioned Relationship

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existing stimulus-response connection

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Conditioning Stimulus

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new stimulus we deliver the same time we give the old stimulus

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Conditioned Relationship

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the new stimulus-response relationship we created by associating a new stimulus with an old response

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What is operant conditioning?

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behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment

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What is Engram?

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physical representation of learning by Karl Lashley

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What is equipotentiality?

Back 10

All cortical areas can substitute for each other as far as learning is concerned.

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What is mass action?

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The reduction in learning is proportional to the amount of tissue destroyed, and the more complex the learning task, the more disruptive lesions are

Front 12

Karl Lashley believed that all kinds of memory are physiologically the same

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True

Front 13

What is Lateral Interpositus Nucleus (LIP)?

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involved in motor execution of distal muscles. Damage to this area of the cerebellum leads to permanent loss of a classically conditioned eye blink response in rabits

Front 14

Circuitry of the eye blink classical conditioning

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Sound- cochlear nucleus - the lateral pontine region- both the Interpositus nucleus, and directly to the cerebellar cortex via mossy fibers

Front 15

Eye blink 2

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somatic information (air pressure - trigeminal nulceus- inferior olive - IP and the cerebellar cortex via climbing fibers

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Eye blink 3

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cerebellar cortex - IP - red nucleus - cranial motor nuclei - muscles including the eyelid

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Do reverisble lesions of the red nucleus during learning block the association ?

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NO they do not. This means the site of association is upstream from the red nucleus

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Do reversible lesions of IP by cooling during learning block the association?

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YES

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Are learning and memory distinct and different?

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Yes

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What are the 2 types of memory?

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Short term and long term

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How does STM work?

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sensory stimuli - cerebral cortex - held for fraction of a second- pays attention to the sensory input for about 8 uninterrupted seconds to encode the stimulus into short term memory - STM loop established

Front 22

What 3 things can happen once STM loop is made?

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1- info can be repeated silently or aloud
2 info goes into LTM
3- info is lost

Front 23

What is the Donald Hebb theory concerning memory?

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any memory in STM long enough will be strengthened into a LTM

Front 24

What chemical interferes with consolidation/strengthening of memory?

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protein phosphatase 1. declines when experience is repeated and allows for consolidation.

Front 25

Are meaningful and emotional info more or less likely to be consolidated?

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more likely due to increased stimulation to amygdala

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What is a reverberating circuit?

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self-exciting positive loop

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What is flashbulb memory deals with?

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meaningful and emotional

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What are the 3 processes of memory that apply for short term and long term?

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encoding, storage, and retrieval

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Can these memory processes occur at the same time?

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yes

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what does reflexive memory rely on (brain structures)?

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cerebellum and amygdala

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What 2 brain structures does formative memory rely on?

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the hippocampus and temporal lobes

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What is working memory?

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temporary stage of memories to which one is attending at the moment.

Front 33

What are 3 components of working memory?

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Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
central executive

Front 34

What is phonological loop? (part of working memory)

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process which stores AUDITORY info including words

Front 35

What is visuospatial sketchpad? (part of working memory)

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stores visual information

Front 36

What is central executive? (part of working memory)

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directs attention toward one stimulus or another and determines what info will be stored in working memory. the ability to shift attention between one task and another is dependent on prefrontal cortex

Front 37

What is ability to shift attention between one task and another dependent on what brain structure?

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prefrontal cortex

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What is delayed response task?

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memory task where subject is given a signal to which it must give a learned response after a delay. Common test for working memory

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What indicates storing of the memory?

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Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex

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What is amnesia?

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memory loss

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Damage to what part of brain causes amnesia?

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hippocampus

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What is retrograde amnesia?

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loss of memory for events that occured shortly before brain damage

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What is anterograde amnesia?

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loss of long term memories for events that happened after brain damage as a result of (ex: bilatateral hippocampal removal

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What is declarative memory?

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ability to state a memory in words

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What is episodic memory?

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ability to recall single events

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What is procedural memory?

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development of motor skills

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What is implicit memory?

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influence of a recent experience on behavior, even if one does nto realize that he or she is using memory at all

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What is explicit memory?

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deliberate recall of info that one recognizes are a memory

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What is delayed matching to sample task?

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task used to measure declarative memory in animals. animals see an object and after delay get a choice between two objects, in which it must choose the one that matches the sample

Front 50

What is delayed nomatching-to-sample task?

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animal must choose one that differs from the sample

Front 51

Does hippocampal damage impair performance on both delayed matching to sample and delayed nonmatching to sample tasks?

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yes

Front 52

What is a radial maze?

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maze w/ 8 or more arms used to test spatial memory in animals. damage to hippocampus impairs performance on this task

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What is Morris search task?

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procedure where an animal has to find a hidden platform under murky water. used to task spatial memory in animals and like radial maze is negatively impacted by hippocampal damage

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What is configural learning?

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procedure where meaning of a stimulus depends on what other stimuli are paired with it.

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Is hippocampus critical for declarative memory (esp. episodic?)

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yes

Front 56

Is hippocampus important for spatial memory?

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yes

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is hippocampus important for configural learning and binding?

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yes

Front 58

What is Korsakoff's syndrome (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)

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Brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency (seen in chronic alcoholics)

Front 59

Thiamine deficiency leads to brain cell loss in mammary bodies of the hypothalamus and dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus, which projects onto prefrontal cortex

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yes

Front 60

Do korsakoff's patients have anterograde or retrograde amnesia?

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both

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What is "Priming"?

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type of IMPLICIT memory. Seeing or hearing words increases one's probability of using them.

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Do people w/ Korsakoff's have better implicit or explicit memory?

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better implicit

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What is confabulation?

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making up an answer to a question and accepting invented answer as if it were true (common symptom for korsakoff's syndrome)

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What is Alzheimer's?

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dementia which becomes worse with age. Includes STM & LTM loss, confusion restlesness, hallucinations, disturbances of eating and sleeping

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Do Alzheimer's ppl have better procedural or declarative memory?

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procedural

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Do Alz. ppl have better implicit or explicit memory?

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implicit

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Do Down Syndrome ppl usually get Alz?

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yes if they live to middle age

Front 68

Accumulation of what is found in Alz patients?

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amyloid deposits. cause neuronal degeneration and dying axons and dendrites form plaques while dying cell bodies form tangles in many areas of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, as well as other brain areas. Abnormal intracellular tau protein

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What is infant amnesia?

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tendncy for adults to be able to remember few memories prior to age 4 (due to immature hippocampus)

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What is Hebbian synapse?

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synapse that increases effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

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What is Aplysia?

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marine invertebrate used for studies of learning. Has fewer neurons than any vertebrate and are large and easy to study

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What is habituation?

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decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli

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Does habituation lead to inc or dec neurotranmission between sensory and motor neuron?

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decrease neurotransmission

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What is sensitization?

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becoming over responsive to a mild stimulus after an intense stimulus has been presented

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What NT is sensitization dependent on?

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release of 5-HT

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What channel does 5-HT block in sensitization?

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blocks potassium channels (prolonging release of transmitter from that neuron

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What is LTP?

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increased responsiveness to axonal inputs as result of previous period of rapidly repeated stimulation

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What are 3 properties of LTP?

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specificity, cooperativity, and associativity

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What is specificity (LTP)?

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only activated synapse becomes strengthened

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What is Cooperativity (LTP)?

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nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP; stimulation by just one axon produces it weakly

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What is associativity (LTP)?

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pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to weak input

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What is LTD (long term depression)?

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prolonged decrease in response to a synaptic input that has been repeatedly paried w/ some other input, generally at a lower frequency that occurs in cerebellum and hippocampus

Front 83

Cases of LTP depend on changes at what NTs at postsynaptic neuron?

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Glutamate and GABA, esp. NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors

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Does glutamate produce excitatory or inhibitory effects at NMDA?

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neither because ion channel is blocked by magnesium receptors

Front 85

How do you open NMDA receptors?

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by stimulating nearby AMPA glutamate receptors repeatedly depolarizing the dendrite which repels magneisum ions and allows glutamate to open NMDA channels. Result is CALCIUM and SODIUM ions enter cell (excitatory)

Front 86

Does calcium enhance or decrease responsivness to glutamate?

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enhances

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How does calcium enhance responsiveness to glutamate?

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activates CAMKII

Front 88

What does CAMKII Do?

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AMPA receptors add a phosphate group, becoming more sensitive to glutamate
silent receptors change into functional AMPA receptors
Dendrite may build more AMPA receptors or move them into a better position
Neurons make more NMDA receptors
Dendrite may make more branches, thus forming additional synapses w/ the same axon

Front 89

Is NMDA needed once LTP has been established?

Back 89

no

Front 90

Do drugs that block NMDA interfere w/ maintenace of LTP? although they do prevent establishment of LTP

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no

Front 91

LTP causes presynaptic changes through what type of NT?

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RETROGRADE NT from postsynaptic cell

Front 92

What are the changes by retrograde NT?

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decrease in AP threshold
Increase NT release
Expansion of axons
Transmitter release from additional sites