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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 components of emotion
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cognition, readiness for action, feeling
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cognition
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expression or display of stomatic and autonomic responses. physiological arousal that accompanies emotion allows us to examine emotion in nonhuman animals as well as in human beings
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readiness for action
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defending or attacking in response to threat. darwin's functional view of emotion suggested that emotions have an important survival role beacuse they aid in generating appropriate reactions "emergency" events in the envt.
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feeling
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emotion is a feeling that is private and subjective. the report of subjective experience may or may not have overt indicators
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emotional situations arouse (ANS or PNS or CNS) system
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ANS
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James-Lange theory
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autonomic arousal and skeletal actions occur before an emotion. emotion is label we give to our physiological responses
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Cannon-Bard theory
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emotional experience and physical arousal occur simultaneously but are independent of each other
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Schachter-Singer theory
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physiological changes tell how intense an emotion is but cognitive appraisal is necessary to identify which emotion it is
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locked in syndrome
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caused by damage in ventral part of brainstem and leaves a person unable to make any voluntary mvmt other than moving eyes
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james lange theory leads to 2 predictions
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ppl w/ weak autonomic or skeletal response should feel less emotion.
increasing one's response should enhance an emotion |
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panic attacks
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marked by extreme SNS arousal
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absence seizure
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type of epilepsy where a person has brief periods when they stare blankly w/out talking or moving. during absence seizure people have an interruption of their normal conscious state and have no emotional expressions
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limbic system
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forebrain area regarded as crtical for emotion which forms a border around brainstem
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are emotions localized in specific parts of the cortex?
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no!
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does a single emotion increase activity in 1 area of brain or several areas?
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several areas
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inactivation of what appears to impair ability to recognize angry expression
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medial frontal cortex
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is there localization for emotion of disgust?
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yes
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what cortex is activated for disgust?
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insular cortex, and primary taste cortex. reacts to frightening stimuli as well
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Happiness or anger comes from which hemisphere (L or R)?
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Left. Approach and behavioral Activation System
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What side comes from fear and disgust (L or R)?
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Right. Behavioral Inhibition System. increases attention and arousal. inhibits action.
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damage to what brain area impairs decision making?
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prefrontal cortex
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affective attack
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signs of emotional arousal during an attack
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attack behaviors are stimulated by what?
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corticomedial area of amygdala
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is aggresion, antisocial and criminal behavior have genetic basis?
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yes
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male aggresive behavior depends on what hormone?
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testosterone
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amygdala
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collection of nuclei in temporal lobe. involved in emotion and memory. common focus of epilepsy.
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what is ventromedial hypothalamus linked to?
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eating and sexual behavior
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what is rabies?
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viral infection of brain - especially temporal lobes and amygdala
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what is kluver-bucy syndrome?
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tameness and placidity in monkeys following damage or removal of amygdala. impairment of emotional response and difficulty interpreting visual information
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temporal lobe epilepsy causes what?
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violent outburts in humans
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what is turnover?
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amount of release and resynthesis of a NT by presynaptic neurons
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does social isolation cause an increase or decrease in serotonin turnover?
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drop in serotonin turnover
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lowest serotonin turnover = highest or lowest amount of aggressive behavior?
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highest amount of aggressive behavior?
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Serotonin is synthesized from what?
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tryptophan
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is fear permanent or temporary?
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permanent
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is anxiety shorter or longer lasting?
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longer lasting, less escapable
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startle reflex
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response to sudden, unexpected loud noise
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what brain part enhances startle reflex?
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amygdala sends axonst o hypothalamus and relays info to central gray area in midbrain
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what is Urbach-Wiether disease?
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genetic disorder which causes gradual atrophy of amygdala and nearby tissues caused by calcium accumulation
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do people with Urbach-Wiether disease experience fear strongly or weakly?
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experience fear weakly
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is anxiety shorter or longer lasting?
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longer lasting, less escapable
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startle reflex
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response to sudden, unexpected loud noise
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what brain part enhances startle reflex?
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amygdala sends axonst o hypothalamus and relays info to central gray area in midbrain
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what is Urbach-Wiether disease?
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genetic disorder which causes gradual atrophy of amygdala and nearby tissues caused by calcium accumulation
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do people with Urbach-Wiether disease experience fear strongly or weakly?
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experience fear weakly
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What is the most important excitatory neuromodulator in the amygdala
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CCK - cholecystokinin (these enhance startle reflex)
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What is the main inhibitory NT found in the amygdala?
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GABA- can induce outright panic
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What are 2 classes of tranquilizers?
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Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines
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What are barbiturates/ what do they do?
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are habit forming and can be fatal combining them with alcohol
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What are/do BDZs do?
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less habit forming then barbiturates. bind to Gaba A receptor and effects are: antianxiety in amygdala and hypothalamus. 2) sleepiness in cerebral cortex
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What does diazepam binding inhibitor (endozepine) do?
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binds same sites as BDZs but blocks their behavioral effects
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What other drug has similar behavioral effects as BDZs
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Alcohol
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Does alcohol enhance or decrease GABA?
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Enhance
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What drug blocks affects of alcohol on Gaba A?
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Ro-15-4513
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What is stress?
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nonspecific response of body to any demand made upon it
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What are 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
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Alarm Stage (increased SNS), resistance stage (SNS declines, cortisol released to maintain alertness), Exhaustion Stage (cannot sustain alertness) can be fatal
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What is Psychosomatic illness?
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an illness whose onset is influenced by someone's personality, emotions, or experience
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What are ulcers?
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disorder where stomach secretions attack lining of stomach. Can be caused by stress
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What is heart disease?
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more common in hostile people
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Do people with strong social support have high or low heart rate/ and bp?
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low
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What is voodoo death?
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death due to belief that curse has destined death although it can be from Parasympathateic response causing heart to stop
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What is serendipity?
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stumbling upon something interesting while looking for something less interesting.
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What 2 areas does stress activate?
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autonomic nervous system, HPA-axis-hypothalamus, (and pit. gland, and adrenal cortex)
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What is released during stress?
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hypothalamus causes AP to secrete ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol which increases blood sugar levels and enhances metabolism
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What is the immune system?
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cells that protect body against intruders such as bacteria and viruses.
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What are Leukocytes?
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WBCs which are produced in bone marrow before migrating to the thymus gland, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes. They patrol the blood and other fluids looking for intruders
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What are antigens?
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antibody-generator molecules. Proteins located on a cell surface. Cells w/ strange antigens are attacked by leukocytes.
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What are macrophages?
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cell that surrounds a bacterium or other intruder, digests it, and exposes its antigens on macrophage's own surface.
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What are B cells?
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Leukocytes which mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies
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What are antibodies?
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Y-shaped proteins that circulate blood and attach to one kind of antigen
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What are T cells?
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Leukocytes that mature in THYMUS and directly attack intruder cells or stimulate added response from other cells
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What are NK cells?
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Blood cells that attach to OUR OWN CELLS that are infected w/ viruses/tumors/bacteria
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What are cytokines?
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chemicals released by immune system which cross BBB and influence neuronal function
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What is Psychoneuroimmunology?
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deals with stressful experiences, alters the immune system, and how the immune system influences the CNS
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What is cortisol do?
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direct energy toward increasing blood sugar and metabolism by shifting energy away from synthesizing proteins, including immune system proteins. Stress can weaken immune system
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What do high cortisol levels do?
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increase vulnerability of neurons in hippocampus. Toxins can kill these neurons.
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What is PTSD?
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psychiatric disorder in people who had traumatic eperience. Includes nightmares, reminders, exaggerated arousal in response to noises and other stimuli
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Do patients with PTSD have a larger or smaller than avg hippocampus?
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Smaller than average
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How are PTSD victims cortisol levels (high or low?)
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Lower than normal
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