Bb 9

Front 1

Spatial Orientation requires

Back 1

correctionforchangesinthe orientation of an object, but does not involve mental manipulation of parts within a figure
• Verylargeandconsistentmaleadvantage

Front 2

healthy individuals first took test in their 50s 3 times. So we can see that with age spatial orientation goes

Back 2

down, and men always did always better. In terms of how they performed,

Front 3

ndividuals in their 60s, 70s and 80s perform relatively the same in all 3 trials except individuals in their 50s. In the 50s women catch up with males after mutliple trials. This is an example of

Back 3

how there are sex differences, but the evironment can modify it through learning

Front 4

Spatial Navigation: Different Strategies

Back 4

Females use and remember landmarks.
Males use spatial cues and remember routes better

Front 5

When females have high estrogen, their cognitive functioning

Back 5

improves. But perform the wors on mental rotation test

Front 6

for women what increases during menstruation

Back 6

verbal fluency, fine motor control.

Front 7

Shape of corpus callosum relates to

Back 7

variety of cognitive abilities in women but not men regardless of whether those tasks show sex differences
Females need their corpus callosum to use both sides of their brain

Front 8

The greater the corpus callosum in females, the better

Back 8

naming, mental rotation, figure memory, verbal memory, and better verbal fluency. This did not correlate to men.

Front 9

Emotional material memory had no differences in males and females. But there was a difference in the way they

Back 9

processed emotional material when they first saw it (amygdala)

Front 10

when putting pics of emotional scenes in front of men and women, women activation of left amygdala

Back 10

he greater the activation the better they remember. For men is the right amygdala. Whats the importance of this? if men and women were put together and average them, there would be no activation in the amygdala, one could lead to the conclusion that the amygdala was not active, so sex differences have to be used to see the differences

Front 11

Left amygdala activation in females relates to other areas like

Back 11

Subgenual cortex, hypothalamus
– Brain areas attend to, and control, internal milieu (respiration)

Front 12

in men, right amygdala activation relates to

Back 12

Sensorimotor cortex, striatum, pulvinar
– Brain areas attend to, and act on, external environment

Front 13

In women, defects following unilateral left VMPC damage, but mild or absent following right-sided damage
– may use

Back 13

more analytic, verbally-mediated strategy

Front 14

In men, severe defects following unilateral right VMPC damage, but not left-sided damage
– may use

Back 14

more holistic, gestalt-type strategy

Front 15

Testosterone Masculinizes and

Back 15

Defeminizes

Front 16

Animal Model of Early Androgen Exposure in Female Rats showed

Back 16

Masculinized external genitalia

Front 17

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia:

Back 17

Exposure to excess androgens in utero in women

Front 18

his study demonstrate that in the most sever form of congenintal adrenal hyperplesia, the normal male advantage in the hippocampal depedence maze is

Back 18

not observed. Females take more time to solve this problem, but if female have some form of adrenal hyperplasia (extreme) they dont show disadvantage.

Front 19

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome:

Back 19

Limited exposure to androgens in genetic XY males

Front 20

No testosterone present

Back 20

Demasculinizes and Feminizes

Front 21

normally, men would show more rough play than women, but men with androgen insensitiviity syndrome

Back 21

male show no differences.

Front 22

Schizophrenia Course of the disease is more benign in

Back 22

women compared to men. On average, females have:

Front 23

schizophrenia Positive Symptoms: reflect

Back 23

excess or distortion of normal functioning
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganized language or thought processes

Front 24

Negative Symptoms: reflect

Back 24

reduction or loss of normal functioning
- Flat affect
- Decreased fluency and production in speech (alogia)
- Lack interest or motivation to engage in activities (avolition) or pleasure in activities (anhedonia)

Front 25

when estradiol is low, symptoms of schizophrenia are

Back 25

more severe, and when they are high (estradiol) they have less symptoms( day 20-22) of menstrual cycle)

Front 26

Cycle-related changes in estradiol only predict

Back 26

changes in positive symptoms

Front 27

Depression characteristics

Back 27

Sex Differences in Clinical Presentation

Front 28

at around puberty, women start having greater rates of depression and spikes once

Back 28

they hit menopause

Front 29

sex-specific risk for depression because

Back 29

only women go through menopause. When women go through menopause, estradiol falls, but large majority of women do not experience depression but some do.

Front 30

Before it was thought that the mood changes in women would occur post menopausaly, but in fact it occurs while

Back 30

hey are transitioning. Women with a history of PMS are more vulnerable to depression. Absolute levels of estrogen does not predict who will get depression , but the fluctuation.

Front 31

for women who experienced depression during perimenopause, estrogen treatment

Back 31

decreases their depressive symptoms. But estrogen treatment does nothing to depression that is not linked to hormonal transition

Front 32

Alzheimer’s disease

Back 32

Episodic Memory

Front 33

A method to asses for alzheimers vulnerability, a neuroimaging scanner measuring the amount of glucose concentration in hippocampus while at rest, the more active the hippocampus

Back 33

the least likelihood to develop alzheimers. The higher the education the more active the hippocampus so risk decreases

Front 34

Young women, have more active and large hippocampus, which allows them to learn more verbal material, but as they transition to 40s

Back 34

they lose this advantage-menopause.

Front 35

women's brain on estrogen since early in menopause had an increase in

Back 35

in activity in their hippocampus as they aged. putting women early in estrogen treatment can lead to hippocampus similar in activity to males.

Front 36

women as opposed to males, remember stories better, words. But this memory decreases as we age, mostly because the

Back 36

hippocampus is in charged of it.

Front 37

Women who have their ovaries removed early in life have a 70% increase risk of

Back 37

alzheimers disease, but if they are treated with estrogen there is no increase in risk.

Front 38

Taking ovaries from women, verbal memory decreases, but if estrogen is given

Back 38

decrease is prevented