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Front 1

Anxiety disorders are marked by

Back 1

excessive fear (and avoidance), often in response to specific objects or situations and in the absence of true danger, and they are extremely common in the general population.

Front 2

Anxiety disorders are associated with impaired workplace performance and hefty economic costs, as well as

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an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Front 3

What is observed when people have severe anxiety?

Back 3

Atrophy of hippocampus occurs

Front 4

The most common auroa is fear, by

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electrical abnormal stimulus by the amygdala.

Front 5

Damage to the amygdala leads to loss of fear, and people Becom

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more trusting

Front 6

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is damage or resection of

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bilateral medial temporal lobes - amygdala

Front 7

What are some conditions that can lead to Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

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Herpes simplex encephalitis, Traumatic Brain Injury, Temporal Lobectomy, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Frontal Temporal Lobe Dementia

Front 8

what are the symptoms associated witj KBS?

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docility (diminished aggression and fear response), hyperphagia, hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects or people)

Front 9

Whats the differences between Kluver-Bucy Syndrome patients as opposed to alzheimers patients

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They become uninhibited as opposed to Alzheimer's. They become hypersexual etc. Alzheimer's social skill grow down

Front 10

circuitry that allows either quick and dirty or slow and accurare response upon stimulus

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-Emotional status->thalamus->amygdala (dirty and quick)
-Emotional status->thalamus->sensory cortex->amygdala (slow and accurate)

Front 11

When anxiety versus performance traits have been compared, it has been shown that

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Some optimal form of anxiety is needed for better performance

Front 12

Symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders are thought to result in part from disruption in the balance of

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activity in the emotional centers of the brain rather than in the higher cognitive centers.

Front 13

The prefrontal frontal cortex (PFC) is responsible for

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executive functions such as planning, decision making, predicting consequences for potential behaviors, and understanding and moderating social behavior.

Front 14

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) codes

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information, controls impulses, and regulates mood.

Front 15

The ventromedial PFC is involved in

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information, controls impulses, and regulates mood.

Front 16

regulation of impulses, emotions, and behavior via inhibitory top-down control of emotional-processing structures is via

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The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
The ventromedial PFC

Front 17

In PTSD what happens?

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loss top down control with ventromedial Pre Frontal Cortex to amygdala

Front 18

In order for PSTD to develop, two factors are neccesary

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atrophy as well as stressful situations. Both are needed. the small hippocampus phones to stress development. . Similarlydepression shows the same findings

Front 19

Hippocampus is involved in

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explicit memory acquisition

Front 20

What type of receptor Nts abnormalities have been associated with GABA anxiety disorders

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GABA receptor abnormalities(Major inhibitory neurotransmitter)

Front 21

What are some factors that lead to abnormalities of GABA?

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Ethanol, barbituarates, benzodiazepines

Front 22

The autonomic effects of anxiety are produced by

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NE which stimulates release of CRH and projects to amygdala.
Caffeine increases firing of NE from locus cerelous

Front 23

Antidepresants given for depression have been shown to allow

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neurogenesis in dentate gyrus via the BDNF

Front 24

Whats the effect of antidepressants in axiety?

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decreased BDNF in Nucleus accumbes. so it doesnt confer the same relief as in depression

Front 25

Stress releases cortisol that suppress

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BDNGF and volume of hippocampus. Causes decrease in dendrtic branching and spines

Front 26

. Stress is directly correlated with branching in the amygdala

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more emotional)

Front 27

Obessive Compulsive Disorder can be presented in

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Tourette, Syndeham's chorea and Parkinson disease

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OCD criteria obsessions

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- Intrusive, unwanted thoughts, impulses, images, and sensations that cause marked anxiety
-Not simply excessive worries about real life problems
- attempts to ignore,suppress,or neutralize
- recognized as product of one'smind

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characteristic of thougths in people with ocd

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INTRUSIVE
– Recurrent
– Inappropriate
– Excessive/unreasonable – Induce anxiety
– Resisted

Front 30

Pediatric autoimmune iinflammorybsomehtong syndrome, develops oc because

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of strep damage to basal ganglia

Front 31

Studies have shown that OCD patients tend to have lower levels of

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this neurotransmitter (NT). Evidence which supports this hypothesis is the fact that drugs which increase serotonin output reduce symptoms of OCD. Because serotonin is essential for nerve cell communication

Front 32

mental compulsions of people with OCD

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-Special words, images, numbers recreated mentally to neutralize anxiety
-special prayers repeated in a set manner
-Mental counting
-mental list making
-Mental reviewing

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vii. Dopamine is directly correlated with OCD behavior observed in

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tourrettes. Give DA antagonist (antiSZ) to treat

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OCD - what corticostriatal pathways are involved

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Dorsolateral cortex, anterior cingulated gyrus, increased activity in caudate, OFC and cingulated

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Orbitofrontal cortex is associated with

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Personality, emotion, response inhibition, and social behavior

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Dorsolateral cortex

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Executivefunctioning,planning,attention,working
memory

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Anterior cingulate cortex

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Initiative, motivation

Front 38

OCD seems to be involved in dysfunction of cortical/basal ganglia loop , which can be caused by

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Huntington’s, Tourette’s, maybe Parkinson’s, Sydenham’s
chorea also exhibit OCD

Front 39

Reduced left orbitofrontal cortex in OCD patients correlates with

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severity of symptoms

Front 40

OCD symptoms provocation exarcerbate hyperactivity of

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Orbitofrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Caudate nucleus
Thalamus

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Three examples of full-blown OCD occurring apparently acutely de novo following putative causal events include:

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-OCD related to an infection such as that associated with streptococcal infections (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections [PANDAS] syndrome;
-Trauma-related OCD following acute brain injuries
-OCD occurrence during treatment of schizophrenia with atypical
neuroleptic agents

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Pharmacological treatments for OCD

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Clomipramine
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Serotonin Antagonists exacerbate symptoms

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Serotonin's job

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modulate prefrontal cortex, striatum and thalamus

Front 44

Serotonin dysfunction was proven because

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Increased 5-HT2A receptors in caudate which are normalized after SSRI treatment

Front 45

Acute trypotophan depletion can increase

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anxiety and compulsive urges and rituals

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Dopamine agonists can exacerbate

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OCD symptoms

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up to 90% of
individuals with Tourette’s have

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OCD)

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ocd treatments

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-SSRIs
-Adjunctive antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)
-Behavior therapy
-Psychosurgery

Front 49

Cingulotomy

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Destroy connections between the frontal lobe and basal ganglia/limbic structures...almost 50%no improvement

Front 50

Deep brain stimulation

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The surgeon inserts wires through the skull and into capsule.
2. Wires are permanent and attached to battery pack implanted in chest.
3. Battery produces adjustable freq that has same effect as the other Surgeries.
Used in Parkinson's patients