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Front 1

Subsets of long memory

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Remote memory is long memory, immediate memory may be long memory as well.

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Short term memory

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last secs to min. Without rehearsal it rapidly fades away

Front 3

Long term memory can be categorized into

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Declarative Explicit
Nondeclarative implicit

Front 4

Declarative (Explicit) memory can be further divided into

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facts (sematic memory)
events (autobiographical) both mediated by medial temporal lobe diencephalon

Front 5

Nondeclarative implict memory mediated by

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striatum, neocortex, amygdala, cerebellum,

Front 6

Recollection of explicit memory is

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conscious. for isntance the concept of what coffee is..it's retained and very hard to disrupt. This is different than autobiophical info in which you probably don't remember when you first had coffee.

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implicit memory recollection is

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unconscious, like Procedures Skills
Habits Classical Conditioning

Front 8

How can skill be assessed?

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Mirror tracing. Task is to only using image in mirror, you have to trace a line in between the lines that make the star. Nothing explicitly would help doing it, only skill, habit would allow you to get it right

Front 9

he concept of coffe can't be removed by a simple lesion to th brain, because

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the concept of coffe was stored in many places.

Front 10

Autobiiogrhical representation elimination is very rare, only happens if

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bilateral lesions to the brain

Front 11

Structures fundamental for memory creation are

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Dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus
-Prefrontal cortex, diencephalic structures like thalamus, and hippocampus

Front 12

An important circuit for memory is

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Papez circuit

Front 13

Normal brain learning. Needs

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protein synthesis and long term potentiation

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Memory relies in potentiation..how is this process?

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Neuron activation has fundameontla changes to proximal neurons, and hyper stimulation activates the NMDA and AMPA receptor s which allow second messenger entry and signals the nucleus jot synthesize more receptors. New NMDA receptors increase cell responsive sense to future stimulation. Further growth is stimulated. This leas to Neurogenesis and structural plasticyt. So experience, simulation leads to new connections between neurons. Acetylcholine is needed for memory creation

Front 15

Learning Associated Changes in Brain Structures

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Structural Plasticity • Synaptognesis
• Neurogenesis

Front 16

Whats the importance of Basal Forebrain?

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produces acetylcholine:
*neurotransmitter chemical important in memory
*damaged in Alzheimer’s

Front 17

Enhance acetylcholine in brain by blocking its breakdown

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Acetylcholine neurotransmitter
B. Cholinesterase--ezyme breaks down Acetylcholine
C. Drugs block these breakdown enzymes

Front 18

Dementia is a deterioration Jin memory and at least

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one more cognitive ability which impaired them to have normal life. Amnesia has a selective deficit and sparing of other intellectual functions. So amnesia is not a dementi

Front 19

A behavioral syndrome characterized by specific and selective deficit in memory ability.
• relative sparing of other intellectual and cognitive skills

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Amnesia

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Anterograde impairments are never remembered because

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they were mapped, but as brain swelling goes Down people can possibly remember the gaps in retrograde amnesia and this is so because it was memory mapped

Front 21

Retrograde memory lost is much shorter than

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anterograde memory impairments

Front 22

Causes of Memory Loss: Visible Anatomic Lesions Via Imaging
• Bilateral Medial Temporal Lesions

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Surgery
– Cerebral Contusions
– PCA Infarct
– Hippocampal Sclerosis – Neoplasm
– Sarcoidosis

Front 23

Pay attention to video case may ask questions about it.
Patient was unable to recall things about himself he only knew his name. Patient doesn't seem to show signs of emotional distress when saying info that is wrong. He thinks he is 26 when he is like 50, he can tell when he was born. He can't recall how he got to the hospital, he can't remember how he was injured, or he doesn't think he is injured. He had failure to map new info, due to extensive drinking, so.. what type of amnesia is it?

Back 23

diecehphlaic amnesia, so failure to register new information.

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Meseotemporal amnesia

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apid forgetting. Good social and language skills
patient ex
She was told what place she was in,…then she was asked something else, then asked again where she was she didn't know. This is classical of Alzheimer's.

Front 25

Sleep disorders, benzodiepies, epilepsy they can all result in

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have rapid forgetting.

Front 26

Causes of Medial Temporal Amnesia

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1) Surgical resection of temporal lobe/hippocampus.
2) Herpes Simplex Encephalitis - preferentially attacks medial temporal regions (hippocampus, uncus, amygdala).
3) Anoxic/Hypoxic episode - Necrosis of hippocampal pyramidal cells within CA subregions.
4) CVA in posterior cerebral artery - innervates posterior hippocampus
5) Early Alzheimer's - Hippocampal/parahippocampal regions
6) Head trauma - Anterior-medial temporal lobes

Front 27

Causes of Memory Loss: Visible Anatomic Lesions Via Imaging

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Diencephalic lesions:
-Wernicke'sJKorsaoff syndrome
-Infarct
-Whipples
-Neoplasm
Basal Forebrain lesions;
-ACOA rupiture
Diffuse disorders
-Multiple sclerosis among others

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Causes of Diencephalic
Amnesia

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1) Korsakoff's - lesions within medial dorsal, anterior thalamic nuclei, as well as mamillary bodies, mamillothalamic tract
-thiamine deficiency
2) Other conditions leading to thiamine deficiency -malnutrition
3) Thalamic strokes
4) Midline tumors

Front 29

Causes of Memory Loss: No Visible Lesion on Imaging

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Seizures, ECT • Concussion
• Ischemia
• Diffuse Cerebral Anoxia
• Transient Global Amnesia
• Early Alzheimer’s Disease
• Diffuse Infectious or Toxic/Metabolic
• Psychogenic (Dissociative, Conversion, Malingering)

Front 30

Verbal Memory Tests
• Associated with

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left temporal-limbic function

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Visual Memory Tasks
• Associated with

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right temporal-limbic fx • Figural Memory: simple
• Rey Complex Figure
– Immediate – Delayed
– Recognition

Front 32

Source confusion amnesia when

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people can't keep details separately it is a deficit of executive function

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Extinction is a gradual reduction in response to a

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feared stimulus by gaining new memories

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Reconsolidation is in order to access

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access long term memories for the hippocampus reconsolidation must occur

Front 35

Neocortex is formation of remote memories while declarative is

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the dorsolaterprefrontal cortex

Front 36

i. the hippocampus processes the memories and stores them around the cortex.
ii. Damage to the hippocampus does not affect some types of memory, such as

Back 36

the ability to learn new motor or cognitive skills (playing a musical instrument, or solving certain types of puzzles, for example). This fact suggests that such abilities depend on different types of memory (procedural memory) and different brain regions. Furthermore, amnesic patients frequently show "implicit" memory for experiences even in the absence of conscious knowledge.