Bayne Apwh Chapter 32

Front 1

Muhammad Ali

Back 1

took control of Egypt with his European-modeled army after Napoleon attempted to defeat and hold Egypt

Front 2

Napoleon

Back 2

absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815

Front 3

Capitulations

Back 3

treaties between nations Ex. Ottoman Empire Capitulations were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European nations

Front 4

Mahmud II

Back 4

Only relative of Sultan Selim III not to be assassinated by the Janissaries. Attempted to institute reforms but couched them in traditional terms leading to another revolt by the Janissaries. He massacred them to end revolt. Also known for European-modeled military, institution of postal, telegraph systems, and ministry-divided government.

Front 5

Young Ottomans

Back 5

nationalistic group that favoured converting the Turkish-dominated multinational Ottoman Empire into a more purely Turkish state and called for the creation of a constitutional government

Front 6

Constitution of 1876

Back 6

the first Ottoman constitution and the first in any Islamic country. It was derived from the will of the ruler, who retained their executive power . Ministers were responsible to him.Set rights of rulers and ruled.

Front 7

Alexander III

Back 7

became czar after the assassination of Alexander II. Criticized attempts at political reform

Front 8

Crimean War

Back 8

War between Russia, Turkey, Great Britain, France,and Piedmont-Sardinia lasting from 1853-1856. It was fought in the Crimea, Asia Minor, the Baltic, the White Sea and on Russia's Pacific coast.

Front 9

emancipation

Back 9

term used to describe efforts to obtain political rights or equality

Front 10

Sergei Witte

Back 10

finance minister who promoted industrialization in Russia

Front 11

Russo-Japanese War

Back 11

1905 war led by Nicholas II who favored expansion into Manchuria and Korea. Resulted in Russian loss and destruction of their navy.

Front 12

Duma

Back 12

national legislature in Russia with little power. Was symbolic as a concession on part of the tsar.

Front 13

Opium War

Back 13

1839-1842 war between British and Chinese. Showed the military prowess of European forces especially in terms of the British navy.

Front 14

Unequal treaties

Back 14

European nations forced China to sign them. Unequal peace treaties followed the example of the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) which ceded Hong Kong to British, opened five Chinese ports to trade, installed Britain with favored nation status, and granted extraterritoriality status to British citizens.

Front 15

Tributary Empire

Back 15

Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire serving as a buffer against Christendom including but not limited to Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and the Kurdish Emirates.

Front 16

Hong Xiuquan

Back 16

religious schoolteacher in China calling for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and multiple radical reforms. Was a leader in the Taiping rebellion of 1850

Front 17

Empress Cixi

Back 17

Royal concubine to Emperor Xianfeng. She was the only concubine to bear him a son so when he died her son became emperor.

Front 18

Admiral Perry

Back 18

American admiral that started the array of unequal treaties with Japan. Resulted in the samurai, daimyo, and emperor's officials banding together to push out the government. Resulted in the reign of Matsuhito and the Meiji rule.

Front 19

Janissaries

Back 19

elite corps under the Ottoman Empire composed primarily of war captives and Christian youths forced into service and Islam. Originally started by Sultan Murad I

Front 20

Tanzimat Reforms

Back 20

reorganization period with military, legal, and education reforms. Ideas were garnered from the European Enlightenment.

Front 21

Young Turks

Back 21

Nationalistic group that used newspapers to publicize their positions on universal suffrage, free public education, equal treatment under the law, secularization of the state and emancipation of women. Inspired army coup in 1908 resulting in puppet rulers. Tried to institute Turkish as the national language of the empire but backfired.

Front 22

Tsar Alexander II

Back 22

the reformist tsar, abolished serfs under conditions that were more favorable to landowners than former serfs. Also instituted regional assemblies to deal with social issues, reformed legal system along the lines of European courts with trial by jury, and economic reform to enhance military power.

Front 23

Nicholas II

Back 23

championed further police control and oppression, favored expansion into Manchuria and Korea

Front 24

Zemstvos

Back 24

county institution for self-government that existed in most of the territorial units of Russia until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Front 25

Pogroms

Back 25

anti-Jewish riots in Russian lands

Front 26

Bloody Sunday

Back 26

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War there was increased social and political unrest. Soldiers shot into a crowd killing 130 workers caused rebellions, naval mutinies and student demonstrations to push for economic reform. The event became known as Bloody Sunday.

Front 27

Cohongs

Back 27

official merchants who were under strict control of the Chinese government

Front 28

Treaty of Nanjing

Back 28

Set the trend for unequal peace treaties. It ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened five Chinese ports to trade, installed Britain with favored nation status, and granted extraterritoriality status to British citizens.

Front 29

Hong Kong

Back 29

one of two administrative regions in China. Belonged to the UK until the ceding of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China.

Front 30

Taiping Rebellion

Back 30

1850 rebellion affecting most of China called for reforms such as the abolition of private property and a shared wealth plan to alleviate the distress of peasants. It called for equality of men and women and the prohibition of footbinding and concubinage (Taiping leaders maintained large harems)

Front 31

Self-strengthening movement

Back 31

movement with imperial permission to act as regional governments as they sought to blend Chinese tradition with European industrial technology. They built railroads, shipyards, and steel factories, and founded technological institutes.

Front 32

Boxer Rebellion

Back 32

violent anti-foreigner group that rampaged through norther China, killing foreigners, Chinese Christians, and those who had business with foreigners. They besieged foreign embassies and were defeated by the British, French, German, U.S., and Japanese forces. Chinese revolutionaries rose up against Empress Cixi for her complicity.

Front 33

Tokugawa

Back 33

Japanese government that incurred conservative reforms such as canceling debts and forcing return of peasants to the countryside, headed by shogun Tokugawa