Basic Transmission Genetics

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Eukaryotes

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A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes.

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Prokaryotes

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a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

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Diploid Condition

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A cell or an organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. In a diploid state the haploid number is doubled

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Locus

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The location of a gene on a chromosome.

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Heterozygous

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A pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive

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Homozygous

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When an individual has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive, they are homozygous.

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Exons / Introns

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coding regions of genes (exons) are interrupted by noncoding regions (introns). Introns do not have relevant codes for proteins.

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RNA

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life.

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mRNA (messenger RNA)

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large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

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Codons

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A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

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Meiosis

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Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information /

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Mitosis

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A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells developing from a single parent cell.

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Mendell's First Law ; Principle of segregation

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The two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele.

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Mendell's Second Law ; Principle of independent assortment

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Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.

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Crossing-over combination

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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction.

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Hardy–Weinberg Principle

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model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

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Central dogma of molecular biology

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The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid.

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Point mutation

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a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

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A frameshift mutation

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is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

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Punnett Diagram

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diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.