Basic Tissues

Front 1

Epithelium

Back 1

Consist of sheets of aggregated cells that cover or line the external and internal surfaces of the body

Functions: protection, absorption, secretion and diffusion

Front 2

Classification of Epithelium is based on...

Back 2

Number of layers present
Shape of the cells

Front 3

Simple Epithelium

Back 3

Single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane

Front 4

Stratified epithelium

Back 4

two or more layers of cells with only the basal cell layer resting on the basement membrane

Front 5

Examples of cell shapes

Back 5

squamous (flat)
cuboidal
columnar (tall)

Front 6

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 6

Single layer of thin, flat and scale-like cells. A spherical or oval nucleus gives slightly elevated appearance. (lining of the blood vessels)

Front 7

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 7

single layer of cuboidal cells with centrally placed nucleus

-Thyroid gland, collecting ducts of the kidney

Front 8

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 8

consists of tall, narrow cells. Nucleus is oval and located near the base

-Stomach, intestine and gall bladder

Front 9

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 9

single layer cells, but b/c of different cell shape and nuclei location at various levels, give an impression of stratified epithelium

-Trachea and bronci

Front 10

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 10

several layers of cells with most superficial cells having a squamous shape.

- Skin (keratinized dead cell layer)
- Cornea (non-keratinized)

Front 11

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 11

lining the excretory duct of glands

Front 12

Stratified columnar epithelium

Back 12

in parotid and mandibular gland ducts

Front 13

Transitional Epithelium

Back 13

One shape to another shape
-Lines certain hollow organs (urinary bladder)
- At relax state the superficial cells are dome-shaped and buldge into the lumen
- When stretched it is reduced to only a few layers of flattened cells

Front 14

Glands

Back 14

A gland consist of glandular or secretory epithelium and duct system (parenchyma) with a supportive framework of connective tissue (stroma)

Front 15

Classification of glands

Back 15

Unicellular, multicellular exocrine, and endocrine

Front 16

Endocrine

Back 16

ductless gland

Front 17

Exocrine

Back 17

with a system of ducts

Front 18

Types of glands

Back 18

Serous, Mucous, and Seromucous or mixed

Front 19

Serous glands

Back 19

produce a thin, watery secretion. Have spherical nuclei in the center and their apical cytoplasm is filled with small secretory granules.

-parotid salivary gland

Front 20

Mucous glands

Back 20

produce a thick, viscous secretion that form a protective covering. The nuclei are flattened and displaced towards the basal part of the cell

Front 21

Seromucous or mixed

Back 21

have both serous and mucous acini.

Front 22

Mode of the release of the secretory product

Back 22

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Cytocrine

Front 23

Merocrine

Back 23

secretory granules enclosed in a membrane, discharged by exocytosis

Front 24

Apocrine

Back 24

membrane-bounded granule, plasmalemma is released from the apex of the cell.

(upper half is secreted and destroyed)

sweat and mammary glands

Front 25

Holocrine

Back 25

entire cell is released as the secretory product

-sebaceous glands

Front 26

Myoepithelial cells

Back 26

interposed between the secretory cells and basement membrane.
(helping in secretion)

Front 27

Connective tissue

Back 27

(supportive)
Connects other tissue and provides a framework to support the entire body by cartilage and bones

Front 28

Connecting tissues are composed of?

Back 28

cells, fibers and amorphous ground substance

Front 29

Connective tissue cells?

Back 29

mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, reticular cells, adipose, plasma cells

Front 30

Connective tissue fibers?

Back 30

collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

Front 31

examples of Amorphous ground substance

Back 31

proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and interstitial fluid

Front 32

collagen fibers

Back 32

Present in tendon, ligament and organ capsule
Most abundant in mature CT and are composed of fibrous protein

Front 33

Reticular Fibers

Back 33

Delicate flexible networks around capillaries, muscle fibers and nerves.

Front 34

Elastic fibers

Back 34

Elasticity

- Aorta, muscular arteries, nuchal ligament, pinna of ear and lungs

Front 35

Types of adult CT

Back 35

loose or Areolar CT
Dense
Elastic
Reticular
Adipose

Front 36

Mesenchymal CT

Back 36

give rise to various types of adult ct

Front 37

Mucous or gelatinous CT

Back 37

characterized by stellate fibroblasts and viscous, gel like amorphouse ground substance w/collagen fibers

Front 38

Loose or areolar CT

Back 38

found beneath the epithelium around blood vessels and nerves, and in serous membranes
Ground substance predominates

Front 39

Dense CT

Back 39

mainly composed of thick collagenous fibers and few fibroclast cells.

Front 40

Dense Irregular Tissue...
Dense Regular Tissue...

Back 40

Fibers run in no particular pattern (deep layer of epidermis)
Fibers are in a particular pattern (tendons, ligaments, & aponeurosis)

Front 41

Special Connective Tissue

Back 41

cartilage

Front 42

cartilage consists of

Back 42

cartilage cells (chondroblasts and chondrocytes) and matrix. Lacks blood vessels

Front 43

cartilage matrix

Back 43

composed of fibers and ground substance containing preteoglycans and GAGs and the adhesive molecules

Front 44

examples of hyaline cartilage

Back 44

articular surfaces of the bones, nose, and trachea

Front 45

examples of elastic cartilage

Back 45

pinna (external ear) & epiglottis

Front 46

examples of fibrocartilage

Back 46

intervertebral discs and menisci

Front 47

Fibrocartilage lacks a

Back 47

distinct perichondrium

Front 48

What are the three cells types that help to make bone?

Back 48

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Front 49

osteoblast

Back 49

-columar or squamous
- found on the surface of the bone
- nucleus is located on the basal region
- secretes osteoid

Front 50

Osteocytes

Back 50

-derived from osteoblasts
-lies in the lacuna

Front 51

osteoclasts

Back 51

large multinucleated cell
Secretes acid and lysosomal enzyme for bone resorption

Front 52

periosteum

Back 52

consists of fibrous & osteogenic layers.

Front 53

endosteum

Back 53

lines the marrow cavity with a single layer of squamous cells, osteoblast and osteoclasts

Front 54

Spongy bone

Back 54

aka cancellous
consists of delicate bony plates an spicules, which run in various directions

Front 55

Compact bone

Back 55

consist of oseons or Harvesian systems, outer and inner circumferential lamellae, and interstital lamellae

Front 56

Each osteon consist of..

Back 56

a central canal (haversian blood vessel runs through) surrounded by concentric lamellae.

Front 57

central canal contains

Back 57

blood vessels, nerves and loose CT

Front 58

lacunae containing (1) are found between the (2)

Back 58

1- osteocytes
2- lamellae

lacunae containing (1) are found between the (2)

Front 59

intramembranous ossification

Back 59

very thin membrane of the mesenchymal cells gets converted into bone

skull bones

Front 60

intracartilaginous or endochondral ossification

Back 60

Appendicular skeleton, vertebral column and bones of the base of the skull.