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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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statistics |
refers to a range of techniques and procedures for analyzing, interpreting, displaying,and making decisions based on data; numbers that represent facts or describe some characteristic of a sample |
involves math and relies upon calculations of numbers, but it also relies heavily on how the numbers are chosen and how the statistics are interpreted |
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biostatistics |
is the branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to topics in medicine, biology, and health |
Drug Approval: The FDA requires positive results from a clinical trial before approving new drugs Allocation of resources Assessing risk factors for disease |
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measurement |
is how we get our data; positioning observations along a numerical continuum and classifying observations into categories |
Determining a person’s age, weight, height,blood glucose level, etc.
Determining and individual’s race, HIV status(+ or -), sex, etc. |
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individuals |
sometimes called units of observation, are the objects described by a set of data |
people animals things |
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variable |
is any characteristic of an individual |
height weight age number of cigarettes smoked per day |
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observation |
is the value of a particular variable (or variables) for a particular individual at a particular point in time |
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data |
are a group of measurements that have been collected on observations |
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dataset |
is how data are organized once they are collected |
contains an observation, each column contains a variable, and each cell contains a value
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descriptive statistics |
summarizeand describe the prominent or important features of the data |
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inferential statistics |
drawinggeneral conclusions (making estimates, decisions or predictions) about thenature of something based on sample data. |
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population |
is the collection of individuals (people, plants, animals, etc.) that we would like to describe |
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target population |
depends on the study objectives |
if we wish to test the efficacy of a new treatment for breast cancer, the___ may be all women with breast cancer. |
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sample |
part (subset) of the population |
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numerical variable |
takes numerical values |
Subtypes: Continuous Discrete |
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categorical variable |
places an individual into one of several groups or categories |
Subtypes: Nominal Ordinal |
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quantitative variable |
refers to a type of data that is based on quantities that can be measured and written down with numbers |
Subtypes: Continuous Discrete |
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qualitative variable |
data refers to a type of data that is based on some quality or characteristic, and results in descriptions or distinctions |
Subtypes: Nominal Ordinal |
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nominal variable |
are purely qualitative and unordered; order and magnitude of the numbers are unimportant theyare simply labels. |
Flower color Blood type (O, A, B, AB) Race State of Residence |
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binary (dichotomous) variable |
Nominal variables that take on one of twopossible distinct values |
Gender Presence vs Absence of a disease |
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ordinal |
are qualitative and ordered values fall into naturally ordered categories; magnitude ofthe numbers are not important,butthe order ofthe numbers areimportant. |
Stages of ovarian cancer Letter Grades Age Categories Likert Scales Injury Severity |
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discrete variable |
are quantitative variables that can take only a limited, finite, specified number of values without intermediate values both ordering and magnitude are important. |
The number of motor vehicle accidents in Georgia in a specific month The number of car accidents on Carlton Street in the past month Number of petals on a flower |
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continuous variable |
can take any real numerical value over an interval, not restricted to taking on certain specified values. Fractions/Decimals are always possible |
Age Weight Blood pressure in mmHg Dietary intake of Calcium in mg/day |
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likert scale |
are widely used in survey research; participants register their level of agreement with a statement. |
“Ice cream is good for breakfast” 1= Strongly disagree 2= Disagree 3= Neither agree nor disagree 4= Agree 5= Strongly agree |
